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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
2095558
捕碳封存(CCS)市場-2026-2032年全球市場預測Carbon Capture & Storage Market - Global Forecast 2026-2032 |
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預計到 2032 年,二氧化碳捕集與儲存(CCS) 市場將成長至 151.1 億美元,複合年成長率為 10.05%。
| 主要市場統計數據 | |
|---|---|
| 基準年 2025 | 77.3億美元 |
| 預計年份:2026年 | 84.3億美元 |
| 預測年份 2032 | 151.1億美元 |
| 複合年成長率 (%) | 10.05% |
捕碳封存(CCS)已從一種小眾的減排工具發展成為難以減排的產業(例如電力系統、氫氣生產和新興碳去除價值鏈)的策略性脫碳支柱。這一系列技術從工業廢氣、製程流體或大氣中捕獲二氧化碳,對其進行壓縮,並透過管道、船舶、卡車或鐵路運輸,或將其永久儲存在儲存鹽水、枯竭的油氣藏或礦化地質構造中。政府間氣候變遷專門委員會(IPCC)和垃圾焚化發電(IEA)的評估一致認為,當直接電氣化在技術上困難或經濟上受限時,CCS 是一項至關重要的減排措施,尤其是在水泥、鋼鐵、化工、煉油、天然氣加工、生質能源和垃圾發電等行業。政策促進因素、工業脫碳義務、碳管理中心、低碳燃料標準以及企業淨零排放承諾正在加速碳捕獲、利用和封存(CCUS)技術的普及,同時也加大了對監測、報告和檢驗(MRV)的審查。該產業日益呈現碳捕獲、利用和儲存(CCUS)一體化生態系統的特徵,包括共用的運輸和儲存基礎設施、跨境二氧化碳物流以及資金籌措的監管機制,這些機制明確了長期責任、碳排放空間利用、環境保護措施以及碳計量的協調性。
在政策設計、基礎設施群聚、技術多元化以及對可靠工業脫碳日益成長的需求的推動下,碳捕獲與封存(CCS)領域正經歷著變革性的轉變。各國政府正從專案層面的獎勵措施轉向碳管理策略,其中包括授權制度改革、儲存許可、產業叢集發展、公共採購、差異化結算協議(CCA)、稅額扣抵和碳定價機制。因此,CCS正從單一來源項目重組為連接多個排放源並共用運輸和儲存能力的區域性二氧化碳網路。技術組合也在不斷擴展。雖然基於胺的燃燒後捕集技術仍然是現有設施維修的主流技術,但膜分離、固體吸附劑、低溫分離、鈣循環、氧氣燃燒、直接空氣捕集以及生質能源與CCS相結合等技術正朝著特定排放源和碳去除應用場景發展。一個顯著的變化是,碳利用和永久儲存之間的差異更加明確,買家、監管機構和審計人員要求提供清晰的生命週期核算和永久封存的證據。同時,社會可接受性、環境公平、用水、誘發地震風險、管線安全以及長期管理責任正成為獲得專案批准和相關人員信任的關鍵因素。目前最具競爭力的碳捕獲與封存(CCS)策略將技術實用化與低碳能源供應、高回收率、穩健的二氧化碳物流、檢驗的儲存完整性以及透明的社區參與相結合。
人工智慧 (AI) 透過改善設計最佳化、提高運作可靠性、增強對地下地質特徵的理解、加強安全監測和最佳化排放計算,正在提升碳捕獲與封存 (CCS) 的累積效應。在回收設施中,AI 驅動的製程控制最佳化了溶劑再生、能耗、壓力波動、熱整合、薄膜性能和設備維護,使營運商能夠減少停機時間並提高回收穩定性。在二氧化碳輸送網路中,機器學習支援跨多源系統的洩漏偵測、腐蝕監測、流量管理、壓縮調度和網路運作決策。 AI 的最大影響體現在地下儲存領域,先進的分析技術整合了地震探勘、測井、儲存模擬、壓力數據、地球化學數據和衛星觀測數據,以改善選址、羽流運動建模、封蓋完整性評估以及監測、報告和檢驗(MRV)。 AI 也透過整合設施數據、能源投入、回收率、運輸排放、注入率和持久性指標,支援整個生命週期的碳計量。然而,AI 的實施需要高度透明的模型、高品質的數據、網路安全措施、人工監督和監管部門的批准。隨著 CCS 擴展為一個互聯互通的中心,人工智慧正在成為降低風險、提高營運效率和對氣候績效進行可審計聲明的關鍵數位層。
由於亞太地區集中了大量燃煤和燃氣發電、水泥生產、煉油、石化、鋼鐵製造以及快速發展的氫能戰略,該地區正成為碳捕獲與封存(CCS)的關鍵區域。澳洲、日本、韓國、中國和東南亞國家正在探索海上儲存、跨境二氧化碳運輸和工業樞紐模式,這些都得益於各自碳中和目標和能源安全優先事項的支持。北美擁有最先進的CCS環境之一,這得益於豐富的地下儲存資源、成熟的二氧化碳管道運營經驗、聯邦和州級獎勵、碳管理審核流程以及在乙醇、天然氣加工、氫氣、氨、水泥和電力行業的積極參與。拉丁美洲仍處於起步階段,但其重要性日益凸顯。巴西和墨西哥擁有工業排放叢集、油氣專業知識和潛在的儲存機會,而全部區域的發展則取決於其氣候政策的成熟度、資金籌措管道和監管清晰度。歐洲是政策主導碳捕獲與儲存(CCS)領域最活躍的地區之一,在工業脫碳、跨境二氧化碳運輸、北海海上儲存、碳定價、創新資金以及已建立的法律框架等多個方面展現出強大的合作力度。在中東,CCS被視為低碳能源出口策略的一部分,是藍氫和氨的供應途徑,也是天然氣加工、煉油和石化領域碳管理的重要手段,這得益於有利的地質條件和大規模的能源基礎設施。非洲的CCS發展機會與天然氣加工、水泥、採礦以及未來的氫能走廊密切相關,但短期進展取決於地質評估、促進部署的法規、國際氣候變遷融資以及監測和長期儲存管治能力建設。
東協碳捕獲與封存(CCS)的發展受到工業排放不斷上升、天然氣加工活動活性化以及在保障能源安全的同時實現電力、水泥、煉油和石化資產脫碳等因素的影響。儘管一些成員國正在考慮建造區域二氧化碳儲存中心和採用運輸模式,但監管協調、儲存選址規劃和資金籌措仍然是關鍵因素。海灣合作理事會(GCC)正利用大規模的油氣價值鏈、產業叢集、藍氫計畫以及對枯竭儲存和鹵水的利用,大力推動CCS發展,其政策重點是在碳排放受限的貿易環境下保持出口競爭力。歐盟透過碳定價、工業脫碳資金籌措、跨歐洲二氧化碳基礎設施計畫和地下儲存法律體制,建立了世界上最全面的CCS政策體系之一,為全球碳管理樹立了合規標準。金磚國家(BRICS)的CCS發展情況各不相同。中國和印度面臨巨大的工業脫碳需求,而巴西則兼俱生質能源和工業潛力。俄羅斯在自然資源和石化燃料基礎設施方面擁有豐富的專業知識,而南非依賴煤炭的能源體系在長期減排措施中佔據關鍵地位,但這些措施的實施取決於政策獎勵、資金籌集和儲存的驗證。七國集團在碳捕獲與封存(CCS)技術的創新、標準制定、資金籌措和早期應用方面發揮核心作用,尤其關注減排難度較大的領域、碳移除的可靠性、氫能供應鏈和共用基礎設施。北約成員國的重要性與能源安全、韌性基礎設施、國防相關燃料供應鏈以及國內低碳工業能力的戰略價值日益緊密相關。隨著碳管理與競爭、關鍵基礎設施保護和跨大西洋能源合作日益交織,這種重要性尤其凸顯。
美國是碳捕獲與封存(CCS)領域最活躍的國家之一,這得益於聯邦稅收優惠、能源部的支持、針對專用地下儲存的六級許可製度、大規模的工業排放源以及豐富的地下技術經驗。加拿大將CCS置於其重工業和能源轉型計畫的核心,透過結合碳定價體系、省級框架、油油砂脫碳舉措、氫能相關舉措以及加拿大西部巨大的儲存潛力來實現這一目標。墨西哥的機會與煉油、水泥、發電以及油氣作業有關,但需要更強力的監管和投資訊號來推動儲存。巴西在乙醇、生質能源(含CCS)、海上油氣技術、水泥和工業叢集擁有巨大的潛力,這使其在減排和永續碳移除路徑方面都處於有利地位。英國正透過工業叢集、北海儲存、受監管的運輸和儲存經營模式以及低碳氫化合物政策來推動CCS的發展。在德國,隨著工業競爭力和氣候目標的雙重壓力日益增大,難以減排的產業正面臨越來越大的壓力,因此水泥、石灰、化學和廢棄物焚化等產業正在重新評估碳捕獲與封存(CCS)技術。法國則專注於水泥、化學、煉油和垃圾焚化發電行業的脫碳,並對向北海儲存設施輸送二氧化碳的出口路線很感興趣。俄羅斯擁有豐富的地質和能源資源,其CCS技術的重要性與天然氣加工、重工業和出口市場的碳排放法規密切相關。義大利和西班牙正在考慮將CCS技術引入地中海地區的水泥、煉油、化學和二氧化碳物流行業,並著眼於海上儲存以及與歐洲工業脫碳網路合作的可能性。中國的CCS活動主要由大規模燃煤發電、化工、鋼鐵、水泥以及油氣產業推動,同時也加大力度實現碳中和並開展示範活動。在印度,水泥、鋼鐵、煉油、化肥和燃煤發電是優先應用領域,但實施取決於成本降低、政策獎勵、儲存評估和基礎建設。日本國內儲存選擇有限,正著力透過海外儲存夥伴關係、二氧化碳運輸、氫氣和氨戰略以及工業捕集技術來實現碳管理。澳洲則充分利用其豐富的地質儲存資源、液化天然氣領域的經驗以及作為新興區域儲存中心的潛力。韓國正在電力、鋼鐵、石化和氫氣供應鏈中推廣碳捕獲與封存技術,並專注於海上儲存、跨境二氧化碳運輸和技術創新。
產業領導者應優先考慮在排放源集中、捕集技術成熟、低碳能源供應充足且檢驗的儲存設施可及的地區開展碳捕獲與封存(CCS)計畫。企業應制定樞紐型策略,整合多個排放源,共用二氧化碳運輸基礎設施,並透過標準化合約和可互通的監測系統降低專案風險。早期投資於儲存評估、孔隙空間權、環境基準調查、社區參與和授權準備工作可以減少開發延誤。領導者應將CCS整合到更廣泛的脫碳組合中,並將其與電氣化、能源效率、低碳氫化合物、碳循環利用和可再生能源採購相結合,而不是將其視為獨立的合規工具。必須從一開始就建立健全的監測、報告和檢驗機制,以支援法規核准、排碳權信譽和客戶信心。此外,各組織應採用數位孿生、人工智慧驅動的儲存監測、預測性維護和「網路安全設計」等方法,以提高營運績效和風險管理水準。涉及政府、基礎設施營運商、產業叢集、研究機構和相關人員的夥伴關係模式對於解決夥伴關係債務、資本密集度和共用基礎設施的管治至關重要。
本執行摘要採用系統化的二手調查方法編寫,重點關注檢驗、公開且有資料支持的資訊來源。該研究途徑整合了來自政府能源機構、氣候政策機構、地質調查機構、國際能源和氣候機構、同行評審的科學文獻、監管文件、環境許可文件、技術標準、行業出版刊物以及官方國家脫碳戰略的資訊。採用資訊來源檢驗法來檢驗政策、技術、基礎設施和區域部署等主題中反覆出現的發現。調查方法優先考慮有關技術成熟度、政策框架、儲存資源特性、產業應用案例、監測要求和區域部署條件的客觀證據,同時排除未經證實的說法和宣傳。運用定性分析來識別不同地區、經濟體和國家的結構性趨勢、促進因素、障礙和戰略影響。本報告有意省略市場規模、市場佔有率、收入估算和預測,以便專注於經過檢驗的策略情報和與產業相關的管理洞察。
捕碳封存(CCS)正成為穩健的工業脫碳策略的重要組成部分,尤其是在那些由於製程排放和高溫能源需求而僅靠電氣化不足以應對脫碳挑戰的行業。在政策獎勵、碳定價、儲存法規、產業叢集和公私合營相互融合的地區,CCS的發展動能最強勁。不同地區的路徑各不相同。北美和歐洲受益於成熟的政策和基礎設施框架。亞太地區則以工業規模和能源轉型需求為驅動力。在中東,CCS正被納入低碳燃料和出口策略。同時,拉丁美洲和非洲擁有長期潛力,但其發展依賴於監管完善、儲存價值評估和氣候融資。人工智慧、先進的監測技術和數位碳計量正在增強人們對儲存的永久性和運作可靠性的信心。產業領導者的首要任務是從孤立的碳捕獲資產轉向綜合碳管理網路,該網路應結合技術可靠性、檢驗的儲存、透明的管治和社區信任。雖然碳捕獲與封存技術不能取代減排、可再生能源或能源效率措施,但它越來越被認為是實現減排困難地區重大脫碳以及支援永續碳移除路徑的重要工具。
The Carbon Capture & Storage Market is projected to grow by USD 15.11 billion at a CAGR of 10.05% by 2032.
| KEY MARKET STATISTICS | |
|---|---|
| Base Year [2025] | USD 7.73 billion |
| Estimated Year [2026] | USD 8.43 billion |
| Forecast Year [2032] | USD 15.11 billion |
| CAGR (%) | 10.05% |
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has moved from a niche emissions-control pathway to a strategic decarbonization pillar for hard-to-abate industries, power systems, hydrogen production, and emerging carbon removal value chains. The technology suite captures carbon dioxide from industrial flue gas, process streams, or ambient air; compresses and transports it through pipelines, ships, trucks, or rail; and stores it permanently in deep saline formations, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, or mineralized geological settings. Assessments from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the International Energy Agency consistently identify CCS as an important mitigation option where direct electrification is technically difficult or economically constrained, particularly for cement, steel, chemicals, refining, natural gas processing, bioenergy, and waste-to-energy applications. Policy momentum, industrial decarbonization mandates, carbon management hubs, low-carbon fuel standards, and corporate net-zero commitments are accelerating deployment while increasing scrutiny of monitoring, reporting, and verification. The industry is increasingly defined by integrated carbon capture, utilization, and storage ecosystems; shared transport and storage infrastructure; cross-border CO2 logistics; and bankable regulatory mechanisms that clarify long-term liability, pore-space access, environmental safeguards, and carbon accounting integrity.
The CCS landscape is undergoing transformative shifts driven by policy design, infrastructure clustering, technology diversification, and rising demand for credible industrial decarbonization. Governments are moving beyond project-level incentives toward carbon management strategies that include permitting reform, storage licensing, industrial cluster development, public procurement, contracts for difference, tax credits, and carbon pricing mechanisms. This is reshaping CCS from single-source capture projects into regional CO2 networks linking multiple emitters with shared transportation and storage capacity. Technology portfolios are also widening: amine-based post-combustion capture remains prominent in retrofit applications, while membranes, solid sorbents, cryogenic separation, calcium looping, oxy-fuel combustion, direct air capture, and bioenergy with CCS are advancing for specific emissions streams and carbon removal use cases. A major shift is the growing separation between carbon utilization and permanent storage claims, with buyers, regulators, and auditors requiring clear lifecycle accounting and durable sequestration evidence. In parallel, public acceptance, environmental justice, water use, induced seismicity risk, pipeline safety, and long-term stewardship are becoming central to project approval and stakeholder confidence. The most competitive CCS strategies now combine technical readiness with low-carbon energy supply, high capture rates, resilient CO2 logistics, verified storage integrity, and transparent community engagement.
Artificial intelligence is strengthening the cumulative impact of CCS by improving design optimization, operational reliability, subsurface characterization, safety monitoring, and emissions accounting. In capture facilities, AI-enabled process control can optimize solvent regeneration, energy consumption, pressure swings, heat integration, membrane performance, and equipment maintenance, helping operators reduce downtime and improve capture consistency. In CO2 transport networks, machine learning supports leak detection, corrosion monitoring, flow assurance, compression scheduling, and network dispatch decisions across multi-source systems. The most significant AI impact is emerging in geological storage, where advanced analytics integrate seismic surveys, well logs, reservoir simulations, pressure data, geochemistry, and satellite observations to improve site screening, plume migration modeling, caprock integrity assessment, and monitoring, reporting, and verification. AI also supports lifecycle carbon accounting by harmonizing facility data, energy inputs, capture rates, transport emissions, injection volumes, and permanence indicators. However, adoption must be governed by transparent models, high-quality data, cybersecurity controls, human oversight, and regulatory acceptance. As CCS scales into interconnected hubs, AI is becoming a critical digital layer for risk reduction, operational efficiency, and auditable climate-performance claims.
Asia-Pacific is becoming a critical CCS region because of its concentration of coal- and gas-fired power generation, cement production, refining, petrochemicals, steelmaking, and fast-growing hydrogen strategies. Australia, Japan, South Korea, China, and Southeast Asian economies are evaluating offshore storage, cross-border CO2 shipping, and industrial hub models, supported by national carbon neutrality targets and energy security priorities. North America has one of the most advanced CCS environments, supported by extensive geological storage resources, established CO2 pipeline experience, federal and provincial incentives, carbon management permitting pathways, and strong activity in ethanol, natural gas processing, hydrogen, ammonia, cement, and power applications. Latin America is at an earlier but increasingly relevant stage, with Brazil and Mexico offering industrial emissions clusters, oil and gas expertise, and potential storage opportunities, while regional momentum is shaped by climate policy maturity, financing access, and regulatory clarity. Europe is among the most policy-driven CCS regions, with strong alignment around industrial decarbonization, cross-border CO2 transport, offshore storage in the North Sea, carbon pricing, innovation funding, and legally structured carbon removal and storage frameworks. The Middle East is positioning CCS as part of low-carbon energy export strategies, blue hydrogen and ammonia pathways, and carbon management in gas processing, refining, and petrochemicals, with favorable geology and large-scale energy infrastructure supporting deployment. Africa's CCS opportunity is linked to natural gas processing, cement, mining, and future hydrogen corridors, but near-term progress depends on geological assessment, enabling regulation, international climate finance, and capacity building for monitoring and long-term storage governance.
ASEAN's CCS trajectory is shaped by rising industrial emissions, gas processing activity, and the need to decarbonize power, cement, refining, and petrochemical assets while maintaining energy security. Several member economies are exploring regional CO2 storage hubs and shipping-based transport models, although regulatory harmonization, storage mapping, and financing remain decisive. The GCC is advancing CCS through large hydrocarbon value chains, industrial clusters, blue hydrogen ambitions, and access to depleted reservoirs and saline formations, with policy attention focused on preserving export competitiveness in a carbon-constrained trading environment. The European Union has established one of the world's most comprehensive policy ecosystems for CCS through carbon pricing, industrial decarbonization funding, trans-European CO2 infrastructure planning, and legal frameworks for geological storage, making it a global reference point for compliance-grade carbon management. BRICS countries represent a diverse CCS landscape: China and India face large industrial decarbonization needs, Brazil combines bioenergy and industrial potential, Russia has substantial subsurface expertise and fossil-energy infrastructure, and South Africa's coal-dependent system creates long-term mitigation relevance, though implementation depends on policy incentives, capital availability, and storage validation. G7 economies are central to CCS innovation, standards, finance, and early deployment, with emphasis on hard-to-abate sectors, carbon removal integrity, hydrogen supply chains, and shared infrastructure. NATO countries' relevance is increasingly connected to energy security, resilient infrastructure, defense-adjacent fuel supply chains, and the strategic value of domestic low-carbon industrial capacity, particularly as carbon management becomes linked to competitiveness, critical infrastructure protection, and transatlantic energy cooperation.
The United States is one of the most active CCS countries due to federal tax incentives, Department of Energy support, Class VI permitting for dedicated geological storage, large industrial emissions sources, and extensive subsurface expertise. Canada combines carbon pricing, provincial frameworks, oil sands decarbonization efforts, hydrogen initiatives, and major storage potential in Western Canada, making CCS central to heavy industry and energy transition planning. Mexico's opportunity is linked to refining, cement, power generation, and oil and gas operations, although stronger storage regulation and investment signals are needed. Brazil has notable potential through ethanol, bioenergy with CCS, offshore oil and gas expertise, cement, and industrial clusters, positioning it for both emissions reduction and durable carbon removal pathways. The United Kingdom is advancing CCS through industrial clusters, North Sea storage, regulated transport and storage business models, and low-carbon hydrogen policy. Germany is reassessing CCS for cement, lime, chemicals, and waste incineration as industrial competitiveness and climate targets increase pressure on hard-to-abate sectors. France is focused on industrial decarbonization in cement, chemicals, refining, and waste-to-energy, with interest in CO2 export routes to North Sea storage. Russia has extensive geological and energy-sector capabilities, with CCS relevance tied to gas processing, heavy industry, and export-market carbon constraints. Italy and Spain are evaluating CCS for cement, refining, chemicals, and Mediterranean CO2 logistics, with offshore storage potential and links to European industrial decarbonization networks. China's CCS activity is driven by large coal power, chemicals, steel, cement, and oil and gas sectors, alongside carbon neutrality commitments and expanding demonstration activity. India's priority applications include cement, steel, refining, fertilizers, and coal-based power, but deployment depends on cost reduction, policy incentives, storage assessment, and infrastructure development. Japan is emphasizing carbon management through overseas storage partnerships, CO2 shipping, hydrogen and ammonia strategies, and industrial capture technologies due to limited domestic storage options. Australia benefits from significant geological storage resources, LNG-sector experience, and emerging regional storage hub potential. South Korea is pursuing CCS for power, steel, petrochemicals, and hydrogen supply chains, with attention to offshore storage, cross-border CO2 transport, and technology innovation.
Industry leaders should prioritize CCS opportunities where emissions streams are concentrated, capture technology is technically mature, low-carbon energy is available, and access to verified storage is secure. Companies should develop hub-based strategies that aggregate multiple emitters, share CO2 transport infrastructure, and lower project risk through standardized contracts and interoperable monitoring systems. Early investment in storage appraisal, pore-space rights, environmental baseline studies, community engagement, and permitting readiness can reduce development delays. Leaders should integrate CCS into broader decarbonization portfolios rather than treating it as a standalone compliance tool, aligning it with electrification, energy efficiency, low-carbon hydrogen, circular carbon utilization, and renewable power procurement. Robust monitoring, reporting, and verification must be built from the outset to support regulatory acceptance, carbon credit integrity, and customer confidence. Organizations should also adopt digital twins, AI-enabled reservoir monitoring, predictive maintenance, and cybersecurity-by-design to improve operational performance and risk management. Partnership models with governments, infrastructure operators, industrial clusters, research institutions, and financial stakeholders will be essential for addressing long-duration liability, capital intensity, and shared infrastructure governance.
This executive summary is developed through a structured secondary research methodology focused on verified, publicly available, and data-backed sources. The research approach synthesizes information from government energy agencies, climate policy bodies, geological survey organizations, international energy and climate institutions, peer-reviewed scientific literature, regulatory filings, environmental permitting documents, technical standards, industry association publications, and official national decarbonization strategies. Source triangulation is used to validate recurring findings across policy, technology, infrastructure, and regional adoption themes. The methodology prioritizes factual evidence on technology readiness, policy frameworks, storage resource characterization, sectoral use cases, monitoring requirements, and regional deployment conditions while excluding unsupported claims and promotional assertions. Qualitative analysis is applied to identify structural trends, enabling factors, barriers, and strategic implications across regions, economic groups, and countries. The content deliberately avoids market sizing, market share, revenue estimation, and forecasting to maintain focus on verified strategic intelligence and industry-relevant executive insights.
Carbon capture and storage is becoming an essential component of credible industrial decarbonization strategies, particularly for sectors where process emissions and high-temperature energy needs limit the effectiveness of electrification alone. The strongest momentum is occurring where policy incentives, carbon pricing, storage regulation, industrial clustering, and public-private coordination converge. Regional pathways differ: North America and Europe benefit from mature policy and infrastructure frameworks; Asia-Pacific is driven by industrial scale and energy transition needs; the Middle East is integrating CCS into low-carbon fuel and export strategies; while Latin America and Africa present longer-term potential that depends on regulatory development, storage assessment, and climate finance. Artificial intelligence, advanced monitoring, and digital carbon accounting are strengthening confidence in storage permanence and operational reliability. For industry leaders, the priority is to move from isolated capture assets toward integrated carbon management networks that combine technological credibility, verified storage, transparent governance, and community trust. CCS will not replace emissions avoidance, renewable energy, or efficiency measures, but it is increasingly positioned as a necessary tool for achieving deep decarbonization in hard-to-abate sectors and supporting durable carbon removal pathways.