封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
2014514

二氯乙烷市場:按純度等級、生產流程、應用和最終用途產業分類 - 全球市場預測(2026-2032 年)

Ethylene Dichloride Market by Purity Grade, Production Process, Application, End Use Industry - Global Forecast 2026-2032

出版日期: | 出版商: 360iResearch | 英文 198 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

價格

本網頁內容可能與最新版本有所差異。詳細情況請與我們聯繫。

預計到 2025 年,二氯乙烷(乙烷二氯)市值將達到 217.2 億美元,到 2026 年將成長至 229.7 億美元,到 2032 年將達到 336.6 億美元,年複合成長率為 6.46%。

主要市場統計數據
基準年(2025 年) 217.2億美元
預計年份(2026年) 229.7億美元
預測年份(2032年) 336.6億美元
複合年成長率() 6.46%

從策略觀點看二氯乙烷:闡明其在原料鏈中的作用、營運選擇以及投資者對建立彈性價值鏈計劃的優先事項。

二氯乙烷在氯代烴價值鏈中扮演至關重要的中間體角色,主要用作氯乙烯單體的原料,進而影響下游聚氯乙烯(PVC)市場。它的作用不僅限於原料;生產流程、純度等級和應用領域的差異會影響生產和消費地區的商業選擇、資本配置和貿易趨勢。

分析監管、技術和貿易因素相互交織的格局,這些因素正在重塑整個化學價值鏈的生產選擇、製程投資和商業策略。

受多種因素影響,二氯乙烷市場環境正經歷結構性變化,這些因素包括:對氯化溶劑和排放的監管日益嚴格;化學品製造商對脫碳的需求不斷成長;以及貿易政策和能源成本差異驅動的供應鏈重組。這些因素促使整個產業重新評估產能位置、直接氯化和氧氯化技術之間的平衡,以及如何優先考慮純度等級以滿足下游多樣化的需求。

對美國 2025 年關稅措施將如何改變二氯乙烷利害關係人的籌資策略、供應鏈路線和策略投資決策進行重點評估。

美國於2025年加徵關稅,引發了二氯乙烷生態系中相關人員的一系列營運和商業調整。短期內,進口成本上升促使採購團隊重組供應商組合,並加速與國內或本地採購原料的談判。因此,物流規劃負責人調整了運輸路線和庫存緩衝,以緩解價格波動;下游加工商也調整了契約,以應對原料價格波動加劇和前置作業時間延長的情況。

從清晰的、以細分為主導的觀點,我們可以了解應用、純度、製程選擇和最終用途要求如何決定商業性差異化和投資重點。

細分市場層面的趨勢揭示了生產商和買家如何根據應用、純度、工藝和最終用途的要求調整策略。就應用而言,中間體、溶劑和氯乙烯單體之間的差異會影響生產計劃和生產商所追求的下游整合程度。與氯乙烯單體生產對純度高度敏感的要求相比,中間體和溶劑通常能容忍更寬的純度範圍,因此需要優先獲得超高品質的原料。

透過對美洲、歐洲、中東和非洲以及亞太地區的供應結構、監管因素和需求趨勢進行比較的區域展望,有助於制定針對特定區域的策略。

區域趨勢對供應側經濟狀況和買方行為均有顯著影響。在美洲,由於接近性原料產地和成熟的物流走廊,垂直整合模式歷來受到青睞。但近期關稅和能源價格的波動促使企業重新評估承購契約,並專注於加強倉儲和內陸配送能力。因此,北美企業需要在確保原料供應和降低關稅風險的長期資本投資決策與短期採購調整之間尋求平衡。

在競爭激烈的市場環境中,評估重點在於整合、專業化、永續發展措施以及塑造競爭優勢和差異化的併購趨勢。

二氯乙烷市場的競爭格局呈現出多元化的特點,既有大型綜合企​​業,也有區域專業公司和利基服務供應商。綜合性生產商利用上下游合作來穩定利潤率波動,並透過長期專屬合約確保原料供應。同時,區域性和獨立生產商則在靈活性、特種產品生產和客戶服務方面競爭,透過提供合約加工服務、客製化煉製和靈活的物流解決方案來開拓利基市場。

為生產商和買家提供切實可行的策略措施,以增強原料採購的韌性、提煉能力、對關稅風險的承受能力以及以永續發展主導的差異化優勢。

產業領導者應採取多管齊下的策略,強調柔軟性、韌性和針對性投資。首先,透過建立雙軌制貨體系和重視合約加工夥伴關係,確保原料多樣化,減少對單一貿易路線的依賴,並降低關稅風險。其次,優先投資煉油和倉儲,以支持高利潤、超高品質等級產品的生產,因為煉油能力的提升會對下游敏感客戶產生更顯著的商業性影響。

對多方面的調查方法進行透明的解釋,該方法結合了初步訪談、技術審查、貿易映射和情境測試,以檢驗策略見解。

本分析所依據的研究嚴謹地結合了第一手和第二手調查數據,並採用三角測量法得出可靠且可操作的結論。第一手資料包括對工廠營運經理、採購經理和供應鏈主管的結構化訪談,以及對工廠設計和煉油系統的技術審查,以了解實際的營運狀況和限制因素。這些數據與貿易流量數據、海關記錄和物流報告相結合,以可視化關稅措施對實體貿易變化和庫存趨勢的影響。

綜合結論強調,韌性、有針對性的投資和區域適應是應對關稅和產業結構變化影響的基本要素。

二氯乙烷的生產處於原料可靠性、製程技術選擇、純度控制和貿易政策等諸多因素的交會點。這些因素的相互作用決定了生產者和下游加工商的商業性成敗。近期推出的關稅措施加速了策略調整,促使企業進行短期採購調整和長期投資重新評估,並將韌性和合規性置於優先地位。

目錄

第1章 引言

第2章 分析方法

  • 分析設計
  • 分析框架
  • 市場規模預測
  • 數據三角測量
  • 分析結果
  • 分析的前提條件
  • 分析的局限性

第3章執行摘要

  • 首席體驗長的觀點
  • 市場規模和成長趨勢
  • 市佔率分析(2025 年)
  • FPNV定位矩陣(2025)
  • 新的商機
  • 下一代經營模式
  • 產業藍圖

第4章 市場概覽

  • 產業生態系與價值鏈分析
  • 波特五力分析
  • PESTEL 分析
  • 市場展望
  • 市場進入(GTM)策略

第5章 市場洞察

  • 消費者分析與最終用戶觀點
  • 消費者體驗基準測試
  • 機會映射
  • 分銷通路分析
  • 價格趨勢分析
  • 監理合規和標準框架
  • ESG與永續性分析
  • 中斷和風險情景
  • 成本效益分析(ROI)和成本效益分析(CBA)

第6章:美國關稅的累積影響(2025 年)

第7章:人工智慧(AI)的累積影響(2025 年)

第8章:二氯乙烷市場:依純度等級分類

  • 高純度
  • 標準純度
  • 超高純度

第9章:二氯乙烷市場:依生產流程分類

  • 直接氯化
  • 氧氯化

第10章:二氯乙烷市場:依應用領域分類

  • 中間的
  • 溶劑
  • 氯乙烯單體

第11章:二氯乙烷市場:依最終用途產業分類

  • 建造
  • 電氣和電子
  • 包裝

第12章 二氯乙烷市場:依地區分類

  • 北美洲和南美洲
    • 北美洲
    • 拉丁美洲
  • 歐洲、中東和非洲
    • 歐洲
    • 中東
    • 非洲
  • 亞太地區

第13章 二氯乙烷市場:依組別分類

  • ASEAN
  • GCC
  • EU
  • BRICS
  • G7
  • NATO

第14章 二氯乙烷市場:依國家分類

  • 美國
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥
  • 巴西
  • 英國
  • 德國
  • 法國
  • 俄羅斯
  • 義大利
  • 西班牙
  • 中國
  • 印度
  • 日本
  • 澳洲
  • 韓國

第15章:美國二氯乙烷市場

第16章:中國二氯乙烷市場

第17章 競爭格局

  • 市場集中度分析(2025 年)
    • 濃度比(CR)
    • 赫芬達爾-赫希曼指數 (HHI)
  • 近期趨勢及影響分析(2025 年)
  • 產品系列分析(2025 年)
  • 基準分析(2025 年)
  • AGC Inc.
  • Akzo Nobel NV
  • Arihant Chemicals
  • BASF SE
  • Bayer AG
  • Chemex Organochem Pvt. Ltd.
  • DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
  • EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
  • Evonik Industries AG
  • Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited
  • Huntsman International LLC
  • INEOS AG
  • JSR Corporation
  • KEM ONE SAS
  • Merck KGaA
  • Ningbo Juhua Chemical & Science Co., Ltd.
  • Occidental Petroleum Corporation
  • Research Solutions Group, Inc.
  • Solvay SA
  • Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp.
  • SUMITOMO SEIKA CHEMICALS CO.,LTD.
  • The Dow Chemical Company
  • Tokuyama Corporation
  • Vizag Chemical
Product Code: MRR-4348D129FAFE

The Ethylene Dichloride Market was valued at USD 21.72 billion in 2025 and is projected to grow to USD 22.97 billion in 2026, with a CAGR of 6.46%, reaching USD 33.66 billion by 2032.

KEY MARKET STATISTICS
Base Year [2025] USD 21.72 billion
Estimated Year [2026] USD 22.97 billion
Forecast Year [2032] USD 33.66 billion
CAGR (%) 6.46%

A strategic orientation to ethylene dichloride that clarifies its role in feedstock chains, operational choices, and investor priorities for resilient value chain planning

Ethylene dichloride functions as a pivotal intermediate within the chlorinated hydrocarbons value chain, serving principally as the feedstock for vinyl chloride monomer and subsequently influencing PVC downstream markets. Its role extends beyond feedstock functionality: variations in production process, purity grade, and application profile shape operational choices, capital allocation, and trade dynamics across producer and consumer geographies.

In practice, producers operate via two principal production routes and calibrate outputs to meet a spectrum of purity specifications; consequently, choices made at the plant level have material implications for downstream converters in sectors such as construction and electrical systems. As a result, procurement, logistics, and regulatory compliance have risen in strategic prominence. Moreover, evolving environmental expectations and energy cost pressures are redefining capital planning for retrofits, new-build units, and feedstock sourcing strategies.

Moving forward, stakeholders must orient decisions around operational resilience, feedstock flexibility, and demand-side alignment. To that end, the subsequent sections unpack transformative shifts reshaping competitive positioning, quantify the cumulative effects of recent tariff actions on procurement and trade flows, and present targeted segmentation and regional insights to inform near-term and strategic responses.

An analysis of converging regulatory, technological, and trade forces that are reshaping production choices, process investments, and commercial strategies across the chemical value chain

The landscape for ethylene dichloride is undergoing structural change driven by converging forces: regulatory tightening on chlorinated solvents and emissions, accelerating decarbonization imperatives for chemical producers, and supply chain realignments catalyzed by trade policies and energy cost differentials. Together, these forces are prompting an industry-wide reassessment of where to site capacity, how to balance direct chlorination and oxychlorination technologies, and what purity mixes to prioritize for differentiated downstream needs.

Concurrently, technology diffusion is altering cost curves. Improvements in catalyst systems, heat integration, and emission controls have narrowed the performance gap between production routes, enabling some producers to pivot more rapidly toward low-emission footprints. At the same time, buyers are demanding narrower purity tolerances and more reliable logistics, creating a premium for assets that can deliver ultra-high grades and just-in-time supply.

Furthermore, capital allocation patterns reflect a preference for integrated models that secure feedstock via ownership or long-term contracts, while third-party service providers focus on offering specialized tolling and purification services. Given these trends, organizations that proactively align process selection, sustainability investments, and commercial strategies will be better positioned to capture value amid shifting regulatory and trade regimes.

A focused assessment of how the United States' 2025 tariff actions have altered sourcing calculus, supply chain routing, and strategic investment decisions for ethylene dichloride stakeholders

The imposition of tariffs by the United States in 2025 created a cascade of operational and commercial adjustments for participants in the ethylene dichloride ecosystem. In the immediate term, increased landed costs for imported volumes triggered procurement teams to re-evaluate supplier mixes and to accelerate negotiations for domestic-sourced or regionally proximate feedstocks. As a result, logistics planners reconfigured freight lanes and inventory buffers to mitigate volatility, and downstream converters restructured contracts to reflect higher input price volatility and longer lead times.

Over the medium term, these tariff measures induced strategic relocation and trade diversion effects. Some exporters redirected volumes to Asia-Pacific and to parts of Europe, while certain producers accelerated investment in local capacity or in tolling partnerships to sidestep tariff exposure. Moreover, the tariffs amplified the incentive to pursue vertical integration for players seeking to internalize feedstock price risk and to control margin leakage. This led to a discernible uptick in discussions around upstream asset acquisition, capacity debottlenecking, and the expansion of purification and storage infrastructure within the domestic footprint.

Compliance and administrative costs associated with tariffs also contributed to higher effective landed costs, especially for specialized grades that require dedicated handling. Consequently, supply chains with limited flexibility faced margin compression unless they adopted alternative sourcing, process adaptations, or long-term hedging mechanisms. Looking ahead, organizations that integrate tariff scenarios into procurement playbooks and that build flexible sourcing architectures will minimize operational disruption and preserve competitive positioning.

An incisive segmentation-driven perspective revealing how application, purity, process selection, and end-use requirements determine commercial differentiation and investment priorities

Segment-level dynamics illuminate how producers and buyers tailor strategies according to application, purity, process, and end-use requirements. When viewed by application, distinctions among Intermediate, Solvent, and Vinyl Chloride Monomer use cases influence production scheduling and the degree of downstream integration producers pursue; intermediates and solvents often tolerate wider purity ranges than the ultra-sensitive needs of vinyl chloride monomer production, which in turn drives priority access to ultra-high-grade streams.

Considering purity grade, High, Standard, and Ultra High specifications form a hierarchy of value where Ultra High-grade capabilities command premium operational rigor, more stringent handling protocols, and higher fixed costs associated with specialized purification and contamination control. Therefore, asset owners must weigh throughput economics against the margin uplift achievable through targeting narrower purity niches.

Production-process differentiation between Direct Chlorination and Oxychlorination creates contrasting feedstock and energy profiles. Direct chlorination typically aligns with specific ethylene feedstocks and catalytic pathways, whereas oxychlorination can offer feedstock flexibility and lower chlorine consumption intensity in certain feedstock environments. These differences affect conversion efficiencies, emissions profiles, and capital intensity of retrofits.

Finally, end-use orientation across Automotive, Construction, Electrical And Electronics, and Packaging dictates product specifications, delivery cadence, and contractual frameworks. Automotive and electrical sectors often demand stringent purity and traceability, prompting closer commercial partnerships, while construction and packaging are comparatively volume-driven and sensitive to cost and availability. Taken together, segmentation-informed strategies enable producers and buyers to prioritize investments, negotiate differentiated contracts, and optimize asset utilization.

A regional outlook that contrasts supply structures, regulatory drivers, and demand evolution across Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific to inform locale-specific strategies

Regional dynamics exert powerful influence on both supply-side economics and buyer behavior. In the Americas, proximity to feedstock sources and established logistics corridors has historically favored vertically integrated models, yet recent tariffs and energy price swings have prompted firms to revisit off-take arrangements and to increase emphasis on storage and inland distribution capabilities. Consequently, North American players are balancing near-term procurement adjustments against longer-range capital decisions that secure feedstock and mitigate tariff exposure.

Across Europe, Middle East & Africa, regulatory complexity and sustainability goals shape operational choices, particularly around emissions control and waste management. Producers in this region are increasingly making capital investments to align with tighter environmental standards while leveraging existing trade linkages to service neighboring demand centers. Moreover, regional supply hubs are evolving in response to energy pricing structures and the availability of chlorine co-products used in integrated chlor-alkali complexes.

Asia-Pacific remains the site of dynamic capacity additions and demand growth, underpinned by large-scale downstream industries in construction and packaging. In this context, competitive pressures favor scale and cost efficiency, but buyers are also signaling increased interest in higher purity grades and more reliable logistics as industrial sophistication advances. Policy-driven incentives and regional trade agreements further accelerate capacity rationalization and cross-border flows, compelling multinational players to refine their regional playbooks.

A competitive landscape appraisal that highlights integration, specialization, sustainability initiatives, and M&A tendencies shaping competitive advantage and differentiation

Competitive dynamics in the ethylene dichloride segment are characterized by a mix of integrated majors, regional specialists, and niche service providers. Integrated producers leverage upstream and downstream linkages to stabilize margin exposure and to secure feedstock through captive arrangements or long-term contracts. At the same time, regional and independent producers compete on agility, specialized grade production, and customer service, carving out niches by offering tolling services, customized purification, and flexible logistics solutions.

Market participants are increasingly differentiating through sustainability credentials, investing in emissions control, energy efficiency, and alternative feedstock pathways to meet the evolving demands of corporate buyers and regulators. Strategic partnerships and joint ventures remain prevalent, particularly where capital intensity or feedstock access creates entry barriers. In addition, consolidation activity and targeted bolt-on acquisitions have been observed as companies seek to close capability gaps, accelerate regional footprints, or secure critical purity-grade technologies.

Operational excellence, safety performance, and reliability of supply distinguish market leaders. Firms that consistently deliver on these dimensions win multi-year contracts with downstream converters in sensitive applications, whereas those that lag face commercial pressure. Therefore, competitive advantage increasingly derives from the intersection of technical capability, supply chain reliability, and proactive regulatory compliance.

A pragmatic set of strategic moves for producers and buyers to enhance feedstock resilience, purity capabilities, tariff robustness, and sustainability-driven differentiation

Industry leaders should adopt a multi-pronged approach that emphasizes flexibility, resilience, and targeted investment. First, secure feedstock diversity by establishing dual-sourcing arrangements and evaluating tolling partnerships to reduce dependence on single trade corridors and to mitigate tariff exposure. Second, prioritize investments in purification and storage to support higher-margin Ultra High-grade production, since purity capability translates into stronger commercial leverage with sensitive downstream clients.

Third, balance process investments between Direct Chlorination and Oxychlorination pathways, selecting retrofits or new capacity according to feedstock availability, emissions constraints, and long-term energy cost projections. Fourth, integrate tariff scenario planning into procurement and commercial contracts, deploying longer-term offtake agreements where appropriate and structuring clauses that share or hedge input volatility risk. Fifth, accelerate sustainability initiatives that reduce emissions and energy intensity; such measures lower regulatory risk and can unlock preferential procurement from sustainability-focused buyers.

Finally, strengthen commercial linkages with the Automotive, Construction, Electrical And Electronics, and Packaging sectors through collaborative product development and reliability guarantees. Complement these actions with digital tools for demand sensing and inventory optimization to reduce working capital tied up in safety stocks and to respond more rapidly to market disruptions.

A transparent description of the multi-method research approach that combines primary interviews, technical review, trade mapping, and scenario testing to validate strategic findings

The research underpinning this analysis blends primary and secondary methods with rigorous triangulation to ensure robust, actionable conclusions. Primary inputs include structured interviews with plant operations managers, procurement leads, and supply chain executives, combined with technical reviews of plant designs and purification systems to capture operational realities and constraints. These inputs were synthesized with trade-flow data, customs records, and logistics reporting to map physical trade shifts and inventory behaviors in response to tariff actions.

Secondary research encompassed regulatory filings, environmental compliance disclosures, and technical literature on production pathways and catalyst innovations, enabling validation of process-level assumptions. Quantitative assessments used scenario analysis to test sensitivities around tariff shocks, feedstock disruptions, and regional energy price differentials, while qualitative insights were generated through multi-stakeholder workshops that stressed-test strategic responses.

Throughout, findings were validated with industry experts to reduce bias and to ensure practical relevance. Methodological limitations include the fluidity of policy measures and short-term market reactions, which were addressed by incorporating multiple near-term and structural scenarios and by emphasizing configurable business responses rather than fixed forecasts.

A synthesized conclusion emphasizing resilience, targeted investment, and regional tailoring as the fundamentals for navigating tariff impacts and structural industry shifts

Ethylene dichloride sits at the nexus of feedstock reliability, process technology choice, purity management, and trade policy. The interplay of these elements defines commercial outcomes for producers and downstream converters alike. Recent tariff actions have accelerated strategic adjustments, prompting near-term sourcing shifts and longer-term investment re-evaluations that prioritize resilience and regulatory alignment.

Consequently, successful organizations will be those that adopt flexible sourcing architectures, invest selectively in purity and emissions control capabilities, and align commercial contracts to reflect new trade realities. Regional nuances matter: supply chain strategies that work in one geography will require adaptation elsewhere due to differing regulatory regimes, energy costs, and downstream demand structures. By synthesizing segmentation and regional insights, stakeholders can make informed, pragmatic decisions that balance cost, reliability, and compliance.

In short, the period ahead favors entities that combine operational excellence with strategic foresight, leveraging targeted investments and commercial innovations to navigate tariff-induced disruptions and to capture upside from structural industry shifts.

Table of Contents

1. Preface

  • 1.1. Objectives of the Study
  • 1.2. Market Definition
  • 1.3. Market Segmentation & Coverage
  • 1.4. Years Considered for the Study
  • 1.5. Currency Considered for the Study
  • 1.6. Language Considered for the Study
  • 1.7. Key Stakeholders

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Introduction
  • 2.2. Research Design
    • 2.2.1. Primary Research
    • 2.2.2. Secondary Research
  • 2.3. Research Framework
    • 2.3.1. Qualitative Analysis
    • 2.3.2. Quantitative Analysis
  • 2.4. Market Size Estimation
    • 2.4.1. Top-Down Approach
    • 2.4.2. Bottom-Up Approach
  • 2.5. Data Triangulation
  • 2.6. Research Outcomes
  • 2.7. Research Assumptions
  • 2.8. Research Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Introduction
  • 3.2. CXO Perspective
  • 3.3. Market Size & Growth Trends
  • 3.4. Market Share Analysis, 2025
  • 3.5. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2025
  • 3.6. New Revenue Opportunities
  • 3.7. Next-Generation Business Models
  • 3.8. Industry Roadmap

4. Market Overview

  • 4.1. Introduction
  • 4.2. Industry Ecosystem & Value Chain Analysis
    • 4.2.1. Supply-Side Analysis
    • 4.2.2. Demand-Side Analysis
    • 4.2.3. Stakeholder Analysis
  • 4.3. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
  • 4.4. PESTLE Analysis
  • 4.5. Market Outlook
    • 4.5.1. Near-Term Market Outlook (0-2 Years)
    • 4.5.2. Medium-Term Market Outlook (3-5 Years)
    • 4.5.3. Long-Term Market Outlook (5-10 Years)
  • 4.6. Go-to-Market Strategy

5. Market Insights

  • 5.1. Consumer Insights & End-User Perspective
  • 5.2. Consumer Experience Benchmarking
  • 5.3. Opportunity Mapping
  • 5.4. Distribution Channel Analysis
  • 5.5. Pricing Trend Analysis
  • 5.6. Regulatory Compliance & Standards Framework
  • 5.7. ESG & Sustainability Analysis
  • 5.8. Disruption & Risk Scenarios
  • 5.9. Return on Investment & Cost-Benefit Analysis

6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025

7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025

8. Ethylene Dichloride Market, by Purity Grade

  • 8.1. High
  • 8.2. Standard
  • 8.3. Ultra High

9. Ethylene Dichloride Market, by Production Process

  • 9.1. Direct Chlorination
  • 9.2. Oxychlorination

10. Ethylene Dichloride Market, by Application

  • 10.1. Intermediate
  • 10.2. Solvent
  • 10.3. Vinyl Chloride Monomer

11. Ethylene Dichloride Market, by End Use Industry

  • 11.1. Automotive
  • 11.2. Construction
  • 11.3. Electrical And Electronics
  • 11.4. Packaging

12. Ethylene Dichloride Market, by Region

  • 12.1. Americas
    • 12.1.1. North America
    • 12.1.2. Latin America
  • 12.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
    • 12.2.1. Europe
    • 12.2.2. Middle East
    • 12.2.3. Africa
  • 12.3. Asia-Pacific

13. Ethylene Dichloride Market, by Group

  • 13.1. ASEAN
  • 13.2. GCC
  • 13.3. European Union
  • 13.4. BRICS
  • 13.5. G7
  • 13.6. NATO

14. Ethylene Dichloride Market, by Country

  • 14.1. United States
  • 14.2. Canada
  • 14.3. Mexico
  • 14.4. Brazil
  • 14.5. United Kingdom
  • 14.6. Germany
  • 14.7. France
  • 14.8. Russia
  • 14.9. Italy
  • 14.10. Spain
  • 14.11. China
  • 14.12. India
  • 14.13. Japan
  • 14.14. Australia
  • 14.15. South Korea

15. United States Ethylene Dichloride Market

16. China Ethylene Dichloride Market

17. Competitive Landscape

  • 17.1. Market Concentration Analysis, 2025
    • 17.1.1. Concentration Ratio (CR)
    • 17.1.2. Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI)
  • 17.2. Recent Developments & Impact Analysis, 2025
  • 17.3. Product Portfolio Analysis, 2025
  • 17.4. Benchmarking Analysis, 2025
  • 17.5. AGC Inc.
  • 17.6. Akzo Nobel N.V.
  • 17.7. Arihant Chemicals
  • 17.8. BASF SE
  • 17.9. Bayer AG
  • 17.10. Chemex Organochem Pvt. Ltd.
  • 17.11. DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
  • 17.12. EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
  • 17.13. Evonik Industries AG
  • 17.14. Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited
  • 17.15. Huntsman International LLC
  • 17.16. INEOS AG
  • 17.17. JSR Corporation
  • 17.18. KEM ONE SAS
  • 17.19. Merck KGaA
  • 17.20. Ningbo Juhua Chemical & Science Co., Ltd.
  • 17.21. Occidental Petroleum Corporation
  • 17.22. Research Solutions Group, Inc.
  • 17.23. Solvay S.A.
  • 17.24. Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp.
  • 17.25. SUMITOMO SEIKA CHEMICALS CO.,LTD.
  • 17.26. The Dow Chemical Company
  • 17.27. Tokuyama Corporation
  • 17.28. Vizag Chemical

LIST OF FIGURES

  • FIGURE 1. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 2. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SHARE, BY KEY PLAYER, 2025
  • FIGURE 3. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET, FPNV POSITIONING MATRIX, 2025
  • FIGURE 4. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2025 VS 2026 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 5. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2025 VS 2026 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 6. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2025 VS 2026 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 7. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2025 VS 2026 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 8. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2025 VS 2026 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 9. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY GROUP, 2025 VS 2026 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 10. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025 VS 2026 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 11. UNITED STATES ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 12. CHINA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)

LIST OF TABLES

  • TABLE 1. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 2. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 3. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY HIGH, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 4. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY HIGH, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 5. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY HIGH, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 6. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY STANDARD, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 7. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY STANDARD, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 8. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY STANDARD, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 9. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY ULTRA HIGH, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 10. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY ULTRA HIGH, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 11. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY ULTRA HIGH, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 12. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 13. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY DIRECT CHLORINATION, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 14. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY DIRECT CHLORINATION, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 15. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY DIRECT CHLORINATION, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 16. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY OXYCHLORINATION, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 17. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY OXYCHLORINATION, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 18. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY OXYCHLORINATION, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 19. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 20. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY INTERMEDIATE, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 21. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY INTERMEDIATE, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 22. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY INTERMEDIATE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 23. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY SOLVENT, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 24. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY SOLVENT, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 25. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY SOLVENT, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 26. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 27. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 28. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 29. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 30. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY AUTOMOTIVE, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 31. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY AUTOMOTIVE, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 32. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY AUTOMOTIVE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 33. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY CONSTRUCTION, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 34. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY CONSTRUCTION, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 35. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY CONSTRUCTION, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 36. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 37. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 38. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 39. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PACKAGING, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 40. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PACKAGING, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 41. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PACKAGING, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 42. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 43. AMERICAS ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 44. AMERICAS ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 45. AMERICAS ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 46. AMERICAS ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 47. AMERICAS ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 48. NORTH AMERICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 49. NORTH AMERICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 50. NORTH AMERICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 51. NORTH AMERICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 52. NORTH AMERICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 53. LATIN AMERICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 54. LATIN AMERICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 55. LATIN AMERICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 56. LATIN AMERICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 57. LATIN AMERICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 58. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 59. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 60. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 61. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 62. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 63. EUROPE ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 64. EUROPE ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 65. EUROPE ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 66. EUROPE ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 67. EUROPE ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 68. MIDDLE EAST ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 69. MIDDLE EAST ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 70. MIDDLE EAST ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 71. MIDDLE EAST ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 72. MIDDLE EAST ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 73. AFRICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 74. AFRICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 75. AFRICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 76. AFRICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 77. AFRICA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 78. ASIA-PACIFIC ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 79. ASIA-PACIFIC ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 80. ASIA-PACIFIC ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 81. ASIA-PACIFIC ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 82. ASIA-PACIFIC ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 83. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 84. ASEAN ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 85. ASEAN ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 86. ASEAN ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 87. ASEAN ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 88. ASEAN ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 89. GCC ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 90. GCC ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 91. GCC ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 92. GCC ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 93. GCC ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 94. EUROPEAN UNION ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 95. EUROPEAN UNION ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 96. EUROPEAN UNION ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 97. EUROPEAN UNION ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 98. EUROPEAN UNION ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 99. BRICS ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 100. BRICS ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 101. BRICS ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 102. BRICS ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 103. BRICS ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 104. G7 ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 105. G7 ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 106. G7 ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 107. G7 ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 108. G7 ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 109. NATO ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 110. NATO ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 111. NATO ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 112. NATO ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 113. NATO ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 114. GLOBAL ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 115. UNITED STATES ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 116. UNITED STATES ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 117. UNITED STATES ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 118. UNITED STATES ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 119. UNITED STATES ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 120. CHINA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 121. CHINA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PURITY GRADE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 122. CHINA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION PROCESS, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 123. CHINA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 124. CHINA ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MARKET SIZE, BY END USE INDUSTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)