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1853355

無管道供暖和製冷系統市場：按組件、系統類型、安裝類型、最終用途和配銷通路分類 - 全球預測 2025-2032

Ductless Heating & Cooling Systems Market by Component, System Type, Installation Type, End Use, Distribution Channel - Global Forecast 2025-2032
出版日期: | 出版商: 360iResearch | 英文 188 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

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預計到 2032 年，無管道供暖和製冷系統市場規模將達到 2,289.4 億美元，複合年成長率為 7.87%。

關鍵市場統計數據
基準年2024年 1248.4億美元
預計年份：2025年 1341.1億美元
預測年份 2032 2289.4億美元
複合年成長率（%） 7.87%

將無管道暖通空調解決方案置於更廣泛的能源效率、電氣化和居住者的建築趨勢框架內進行全面分析。

引言部分為深入探討無管道供暖和製冷系統奠定了基礎，並將該技術定位為暖通空調（HVAC）系統向高效、靈活和低碳轉型過程中的關鍵解決方案。無管道系統採用模組化室內機和室外冷凝器組合，已從小眾產品發展整體住宅和商業建築維修及新建計劃的主流選擇。這項發展得益於變頻壓縮機、冷媒管理、智慧控制以及更安靜、更緊湊的室內機設計等方面的進步，這些進步符合現代建築風格和居住者對舒適度的期望。

隨著我們從廣泛的市場觀察轉向更具針對性的分析，我們必須認知到，建築電氣化、國際供應鏈的轉變以及終端用戶對區域控制的偏好等跨領域因素正在重塑採購和部署策略。引言部分透過描述關鍵組件為後續的詳細評述奠定了基礎：控制器；室內機（包括嵌入式、落地式、壁掛式和無管道天花板式）；以及室外冷凝器。系統配置涵蓋單分離式、多分離式以及變冷劑流量系統。安裝環境包括新建項目和維修計劃，通路包括傳統的離線管道和快速發展的線上平台，以及正在興起的直接面向製造商的管道。

透過了解組件級創新、比較系統類型、評估商業、工業和住宅領域的安裝和最終使用動態，以及評估在日益數位化的採購環境中管道的演變，讀者將掌握詳細的細分分析、區域細微差別以及可操作的建議，為希望利用當前定義行業的技術和監管曲折點的管理人員和商業領袖做好準備。

技術進步、監管電氣化壓力和供應鏈本地化如何重新定義無管道暖通空調系統的採購和部署

過去幾年，一系列變革使無管道系統從邊緣選項躍升為現代暖通空調系統的核心要素。變頻壓縮機、改進的熱交換材料、更豐富的冷媒選擇以及整合的智慧控制系統，顯著提升了能源效率和全生命週期經濟效益。這些進步降低了噪音和安裝複雜性，使得無管道室內機——無論是壁掛式、嵌入式、落地式還是天花板式——都能應用於對環境要求較高的商業空間和多戶住宅改造項目中，尤其是在那些對舒適度和控制精度要求極高的商業場所和多用戶住宅維修中。

同時，推動建築電氣化和減少現場石化燃料使用的政策和監管壓力，促使設計師和設施管理人員考慮採用全電動暖氣和冷氣方案。同時，採購和施工方式也在改變。開發商越來越傾向於採用模組化、快速部署的解決方案，以縮短計劃週期並減少協調工作量。供應鏈重組是另一個變革方向。製造商正在實現採購多元化，以降低關稅和物流風險的影響；本地化組裝正在加速區域供應商生態系統的發展，並促進零件製造商和系統整合之間更緊密的合作。

終端用戶期望獲得數位化介面、遠距離診斷以及與建築管理系統的整合，而供應商則致力於整合連接性和數據主導的服務交付模式。這些累積的轉變並非孤立存在，而是相互影響。例如，控制系統的改進提升了區域系統的價值，進而支持電氣化目標的實現和尖峰負載的降低。這些趨勢共同重塑了眾多相關人員的競爭定位、產品藍圖和實施經濟效益。

評估2025年關稅趨勢如何推高無管道暖通空調價值鏈的到岸成本，加速近岸外包並重塑供應商策略。

美國關稅政策在2025年之前的累積影響已成為無管道供暖和製冷設備製造商、經銷商和買家的關鍵策略因素。儘管關稅政策不斷變化，但其對該行業的實際影響顯而易見：進口零件和成品的到岸成本上升，由於合規和海關手續的需要，採購前置作業時間延長，以及對原產地聲明的實質審查加大。這些變化重塑了籌資策略，促使企業權衡短期成本壓力和長期韌性之間的優缺點。

為應對這項挑戰，許多供應商加快了近岸外包和本地組裝的步伐，以減輕進口關稅的影響並縮短物流鏈。這種轉型通常涉及重新設計產品平台以適應模組化組裝，對主要次組件的替代供應商進行資格認證，並增加壓縮機、印刷基板和熱交換器等關鍵部件的庫存緩衝。監管合規的負擔也提升了供應商可追溯性和認證的重要性，增加了製造商及其客戶的管理成本。從商業性角度來看，經銷商和通路合作夥伴正在重新調整產品價格以反映不斷上漲的採購成本，同時也在探索能夠支撐其高階定位的價值提案，例如延長保固期、捆綁式維護和能源效率保證。

關稅相關的動態也推動了產品設計的創新。製造商優先考慮可在國內或從優惠貿易夥伴處採購的零件，並尋求簡化設計以減少零件數量和組裝複雜性。對採購方而言，這種轉變意味著採購流程更加重視總到岸成本分析、供應商風險評分以及共用關稅風險的合約條款。最終，2025 年的關稅環境加速了採購、產品架構和通路策略的結構性變革，要求在整個價值鏈中採用更一體化的商業規劃和供應商管理方法。

深度細分觀點揭示了競爭、系統結構、已安裝基礎、終端用戶需求和通路演進如何決定競爭優勢。

細分市場分析揭示了組件、系統類型、安裝方式、最終用途和分銷管道的選擇如何相互作用，從而塑造需求模式和產品開發重點。組件層面的趨勢表明，室內機（例如，高牆式設計、用於隱蔽安裝的盒式機組、適用於無牆面淨空空間的落地式機組以及吊頂式無管道機組）仍將是用戶體驗的核心，因此，降噪、美觀和控制整合方面的投資將不成比例地增加。控制器和室外冷凝器同樣會影響系統的整體性能，因此供應商需要將控制邏輯與變頻技術和冷媒選擇相匹配，以最大限度地提高效率和可維護性。

區分系統類型對於確定計劃規格和產品藍圖至關重要。單分離式空調系統因其結構簡單，常用於單一房間或小型維修；而多分離式空調系統則適用於多區域應用，其中多個室內機共用一台室外機。變冷媒流量系統可實現可擴展的區域控制，並擴大應用於需要更精細的溫度控制以及與建築管理系統整合的大型商業建築。安裝環境（新建或維修）決定了設計的優先順序。維修優先考慮緊湊的外形規格和最小的干擾，而新建專案則需要更整合、與建築風格更協調的解決方案。

終端用戶細分決定了用戶對效能和服務的期望。住宅用戶通常優先考慮靜音運作和智慧家庭相容性，商業用戶優先考慮可靠性、維護便利性和與租戶舒適度策略的整合，而工業應用則需要滿足供暖和製冷需求的穩健性和流程相關的控制功能。同時，包括電商平台和廠商直營網站在內的線上管道正在擴大標準化產品的覆蓋範圍，從而實現更具競爭力的價格、更快的報價週期和更高的產品透明度。在所有細分市場中，技術規格和市場管道之間的相互作用將決定哪些供應商能夠佔據領先地位。

全球主要區域在監管獎勵、製造業接近性和氣候特定採用模式的區域差異

區域洞察顯示，美洲、歐洲、中東和非洲以及亞太地區的發展軌跡各不相同，這主要取決於法律規範、製造能力和市場接受度促進因素。在美洲，建築電氣化獎勵、老舊建築維修活動以及住宅和輕型商業用戶對無管道區域供暖解決方案日益成長的需求，正在影響市場需求。該地區毗鄰製造地，推動了對本地組裝和售後市場網路的投資，從而縮短了前置作業時間，並提高了服務應對力。

在歐洲、中東和非洲，監管機構對能源效率和脫碳的重視，正推動設計師關注高性能無管道系統，以支持溫帶和中等氣候條件下的熱泵加熱策略。該地區氣候和建築類型的多樣性導致了不同的應用模式：緊湊型室內機設計在都市區維修中更受歡迎，而整合式建築管理系統（BMS）連接則在商業計劃中優先考慮。在中東，以冷凍為主的氣候條件促使人們對高性能冷凝器和大容量室外機的需求增加，同時，逐步淘汰冷媒和能源標籤的監管政策也在影響產品的選擇。

亞太地區仍然是零件製造和創新的重要中心，壓縮機、電子控制設備和熱交換零件的供應商高度集中於此。快速的都市化、多用戶住宅的增加以及消費者對舒適性和互聯性的日益成長的需求，都推動了無管道系統的廣泛應用。亞太地區的供應鏈已透過將生產分散到多個國家來應對關稅壓力，從而提高了冗餘性和風險管理水準。總而言之，這些區域格局表明，供應商和買家的地域策略重點決定了其市場進入的優先事項和夥伴關係模式。

透過結合產品創新、服務差異化和通路最佳化，制定競爭定位和夥伴關係模式，以充分挖掘無管道暖通空調的價值。

無管道系統領域的競爭格局呈現出多元化的態勢，既有成熟的暖通空調製造商，也有專業零件供應商，以及專注於數位化服務和互聯互通的新興技術參與企業。現有企業憑藉其品牌知名度、廣泛的分銷網路和一體化服務，與商用承包商和大型採購商保持著穩固的合作關係。這些公司持續投資於產品可靠性、保固計畫和技術支援基礎設施，以維護現有客戶群並交叉銷售維修合約。

同時，一些反應敏捷的挑戰者和新參與企業正透過專注於模組化、設計精良的室內機、簡化的安裝方法以及減少採購摩擦的直銷管道，開闢新的市場空間。一些零件製造商已實現垂直整合，提供承包系統解決方案，協調壓縮機、熱交換器和控制子系統，以實現最佳性能和簡化的保固支援。優先考慮軟體診斷和預測性維護功能的供應商，正透過降低生命週期成本和服務效率來脫穎而出，並創造了將基於訂閱的監控服務與硬體銷售捆綁銷售的機會。

隨著企業尋求將本地市場知識與零件採購的規模經濟相結合，區域組裝與全球零件製造商之間的夥伴關係日益普遍。提供安裝和售後服務的通路合作夥伴仍然至關重要，他們快速回應和改裝的能力往往決定著計劃的成敗。總體而言，競爭格局有利於那些能夠將產品創新、供應鏈韌性、數位化服務以及強大的安裝商和通路生態系統相結合，從而為多元化終端用戶創造明顯價值的企業。

採取切實可行的策略性舉措，最佳化產品模組化、本地供應鏈彈性、數位化服務和通路賦能，以實現永續的競爭優勢。

針對行業領導者的實際建議著重強調了使產品系列、供應鏈和商業模式與當前及近期市場實際情況相符的實用步驟。首先，應優先考慮模組化平台架構，以實現靈活的室內機選擇（壁掛式、嵌入式、落地式、吸頂式），同時透過標準化關鍵室外機和控制介面來簡化製造和售後支援流程。這種方法降低了複雜性，並能夠快速客製化維修和新建計劃。

第二，我們將投資供應商多元化和區域組裝能力，以降低關稅和物流風險。建立區域組裝中心將使我們能夠加快訂單履行速度，提高維修和保固服務的應對力，並加強與本地通路合作夥伴的聯繫。第三，我們將加速互聯控制和預測性維護功能的整合，以實現可衡量的生命週期效益。這些軟體功能可以透過服務合約產生經常性收益，並提高客戶維繫。第四，我們將使我們的市場推廣策略與最終用戶的期望保持一致。住宅產品應專注於美觀、靜音運作和智慧家庭相容性，而商業解決方案應強調可靠性、建築管理系統 (BMS) 整合和可維護性。第五，我們將加強安裝人員的培訓和認證，以確保高品質的安裝和一致的客戶體驗，從而維護我們的品牌聲譽，並在適當情況下實現溢價。

最後，將關稅和監管情景納入採購協議和產品藍圖。情境規劃，包括貿易政策、冷媒法規和能源效率標準的潛在變化，可以幫助企業快速反應，更有效地分配研發和資本支出。透過結合模組化設計、區域供應策略、數位化服務、通路拓展和監管前瞻性，產業領導者可以提高韌性，並在不同的細分市場中抓住成長機會。

結合從業者訪談、監管審查、供應鏈圖譜繪製和情境分析等嚴謹的混合方法研究，能夠提供可靠且可操作的洞見。

本分析的調查方法融合了定性和定量資料收集技術，透過三角驗證法深入了解產業動態。主要研究包括對製造商、零件供應商、通路合作夥伴、安裝商和最終用戶進行結構化訪談，以獲取關於產品偏好、安裝限制和採購決策標準的第一手觀點。這些訪談深入分析了室內機設計重點，例如壁掛式、嵌入式、落地式和吸頂式系統，並揭示如何根據應用場景選擇系統類型，例如單分離式、多分離式和變冷劑流量系統。

二級研究包括對技術標準、監管公告、貿易政策發展和行業出版物的廣泛審查，以揭示關稅和冷媒法規的影響。供應鏈分析追蹤了零件流動，並重點關注了製造能力集中的地區。競爭格局分析結合了公司揭露資訊、專利活動和產品發布，以識別技術創新趨勢。採用交叉檢驗技術來消除訪談回饋與已發布資訊來源之間可能存在的差異，並運用情境分析來評估採購和設計決策對關稅和監管波動的敏感度。

在整個調查方法中，我們始終強調確保資訊來源的多樣性，並保持假設的透明度。在直接取得資料有限的情況下，我們採取了保守的解釋方法，並將一些開放性問題留待未來進行一手研究。這種混合方法確保了報告的結論是基於實務經驗、技術文件以及產業訊號的綜合考量，從而能夠提出既反映市場現狀又契合近期發展趨勢的切實可行的建議。

整合關鍵策略要點，強調產品模組化、供應鏈韌性和數位化服務是未來市場領導地位的決定性因素。

總之，無管道供暖和製冷系統在能源效率、電氣化和靈活建築設計方面佔據戰略地位。變頻控制、冷媒管理和智慧整合的技術進步正在提升產品性能並拓展其適用範圍，使其能夠在住宅、商業和工業環境的維修和新建計劃中廣泛應用。 2025 年的關稅趨勢正在加速供應鏈多元化和區域組裝策略的推進，促使製造商和通路合作夥伴重新評估設計方案，以兼顧可製造性和總土地成本。

細緻的市場細分涵蓋了組件選擇（例如控制器和各種類型的室內機）、系統結構（從單分離式到變製冷劑流量）、安裝環境、最終用戶需求以及不斷發展的配銷通路，從而創造了差異化的價值獲取路徑。北美和拉丁美洲市場專注於近岸外包和改裝需求，歐洲、中東和非洲市場專注於能源效率標籤和脫碳，而亞太地區則繼續在組件製造和快速的都市區普及方面保持領先地位。能夠將產品模組化、數位化服務、提升安裝能力和增強供應鏈韌性的公司將獲得競爭優勢。

能夠落實切實可行的建議（例如模組化產品平台、本地組裝、互聯服務、客製化通路策略以及針對貿易和監管風險的主動情境規劃）的公司，將更有能力應對短期衝擊，並在長期內把握向電氣化分區供暖和製冷解決方案轉型帶來的機遇。研究強調，透過對設計、供應鏈和客戶體驗的重點投資來明確策略方向，將決定哪些公司能夠引領市場下一階段的發展。

目錄

第1章：序言

第2章調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章 市場概覽

第5章 市場洞察

  • 人工智慧預測性維護平台在主動系統服務方面的進步
  • 新興逆變器技術的進步推動了超高效無管道系統的發展。
  • 將智慧恆溫器和家庭自動化功能整合到迷你分離式系統中
  • 對系統效率日益嚴格的監管壓力推動了高能效比（SEER）機組的普及。
  • 消費者對低碳足跡暖氣和冷氣解決方案的需求日益成長
  • 可擴展的模組化多區域室內機，可實現可客製化的氣候控制
  • 在無管道供暖和製冷系統中實施即時空氣品質監測
  • 增加安裝夥伴關係可簡化無管道暖通空調解決方案的部署。
  • 直接面對消費者的銷售管道激增正在改變無管道空調系統的分銷方式。
  • 專注於推動小型分離式空調系統向全球暖化潛值較低的替代冷媒過渡。

第6章：美國關稅的累積影響，2025年

第7章：人工智慧的累積影響，2025年

8. 無管道供暖和製冷系統市場（按組件分類）

  • 控制器
  • 室內機
    • 卡片式單元
    • 落地架單元
    • 壁櫃
    • 天花板式無管道機組
  • 室外機

9. 無管道暖氣和冷氣系統市場（按系統類型分類）

  • 多重連結系統
  • 單分離式系統
  • 變冷劑流量系統

第10章 依安裝類型分類的無管線暖氣和冷氣系統市場

  • 新安裝
  • 改裝

第11章：依最終用途分類的無管線暖氣和冷氣系統市場

  • 商業的
  • 產業
  • 住宅

第12章 無管線暖氣和冷氣系統市場（依分銷通路分類）

  • 離線
  • 線上
    • 電商平台
    • 製造商網站

第13章 各地區無管線暖氣和冷氣系統市場

  • 美洲
    • 北美洲
    • 拉丁美洲
  • 歐洲、中東和非洲
    • 歐洲
    • 中東
    • 非洲
  • 亞太地區

第14章 無管線暖氣和冷氣系統市場（依組別分類）

  • ASEAN
  • GCC
  • EU
  • BRICS
  • G7
  • NATO

第15章 各國無管道暖氣和冷氣系統市場

  • 美國
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥
  • 巴西
  • 英國
  • 德國
  • 法國
  • 俄羅斯
  • 義大利
  • 西班牙
  • 中國
  • 印度
  • 日本
  • 澳洲
  • 韓國

第16章 競爭格局

  • 2024年市佔率分析
  • FPNV定位矩陣，2024
  • 競爭分析
    • Trane Technologies Company, LLC
    • Carrier Global Corporation
    • Daikin Industries, Ltd.
    • Fujitsu General Limited
    • GE Appliances, a Haier company
    • GREE Comfort
    • Honeywell International Inc.
    • Johnson Controls International plc
    • Lennox International Inc.
    • LG Electronics Inc.
    • Midea Group Co., Ltd.
    • Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
    • Panasonic Corporation
    • Rheem Manufacturing Company
    • Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
    • Toshiba Carrier Corporation
    • Whirlpool Corporation
Product Code: MRR-153C1B544D5C

The Ductless Heating & Cooling Systems Market is projected to grow by USD 228.94 billion at a CAGR of 7.87% by 2032.

KEY MARKET STATISTICS
Base Year [2024] USD 124.84 billion
Estimated Year [2025] USD 134.11 billion
Forecast Year [2032] USD 228.94 billion
CAGR (%) 7.87%

Comprehensive contextual framing that positions ductless HVAC solutions within broader efficiency, electrification, and occupant-centric building trends

The introduction establishes the context for a focused examination of ductless heating and cooling systems, framing the technology as a pivotal solution in the broader evolution of HVAC toward efficiency, flexibility, and decarbonization. Ductless systems, characterized by modular indoor units paired with outdoor condensers, have matured from niche offerings into mainstream options for retrofit and new construction projects across residential and commercial environments. This maturity reflects advances in inverter-driven compressors, refrigerant management, smart controls, and quieter, more compact indoor unit designs that align with contemporary architecture and occupant comfort expectations.

As we transition from broad market observations to targeted analysis, it is important to recognize how cross-cutting forces such as electrification of buildings, international supply chain shifts, and end-user preferences for zonal control are reshaping procurement and deployment strategies. The introduction sets the stage for a granular review by describing the primary components-controllers, indoor units that include cassette, floor-standing, high wall, and underceiling ductless types, and outdoor condensers-and by noting how system architectures range from single-split to multi-split and variable refrigerant flow arrangements. Installation contexts span new builds and retrofit projects, and distribution routes include both traditional offline channels and rapidly growing online platforms, with direct manufacturer channels emerging in parallel.

This opening clarifies the scope and signals the analytical priorities that follow: understanding component-level innovation, comparing system typologies, assessing installation and end-use dynamics across commercial, industrial, and residential segments, and evaluating channel evolution in an increasingly digital procurement environment. It prepares readers for detailed segmentation analysis, regional nuances, and actionable recommendations aimed at executives and operational leaders seeking to capitalize on the technological and regulatory inflection points now defining the industry.

How technological advances, regulatory electrification pressures, and supply chain localization are jointly redefining procurement and deployment of ductless HVAC systems

Over the past several years, transformative shifts have converged to reposition ductless systems from peripheral alternatives to central elements of modern HVAC strategies. Technological innovation has been a primary catalyst: variable-speed inverter compressors, improved heat exchange materials, expanded refrigerant options, and integrated smart controls have collectively enhanced energy performance and lifecycle economics. These advancements have reduced noise profiles and installation complexity, allowing ductless indoor units-whether high wall, cassette, floor-standing, or underceiling-to be specified for sensitive commercial interiors and multifamily retrofits where minimal disruption and targeted comfort control are priorities.

Simultaneously, policy and regulatory pressures toward building electrification and the reduction of on-site fossil fuel use have nudged designers and facility managers to consider all-electric heating and cooling alternatives. In parallel, procurement and construction practices have shifted; developers increasingly favor modular, rapid-deploy solutions that shorten project timelines and reduce coordination overhead. Supply chain realignment represents another transformative vector: manufacturers have diversified sourcing and localized assembly to mitigate tariff exposure and logistical risks, accelerating regional supplier ecosystems and fostering closer collaboration between component producers and system integrators.

Consumer and business expectations have also evolved: end users now expect digital interfaces, remote diagnostics, and integration with building management systems, prompting suppliers to embed connectivity and data-driven service offerings. These cumulative shifts are not isolated; they interact. For example, improved controls amplify the value of zonal systems, which in turn support electrification targets and lower peak loads, while supply chain localization shortens lead times and reduces project risk. Together, these trends are redefining competitive positioning, product roadmaps, and the economics of adoption for a wide range of stakeholders.

Assessment of how 2025 tariff dynamics have increased landed costs, accelerated nearshoring, and reshaped supplier strategies across the ductless HVAC value chain

The cumulative impact of United States tariffs in 2025 has become a defining strategic variable for manufacturers, distributors, and buyers of ductless heating and cooling equipment. While tariff policy is continually evolving, its practical effects on this sector are evident in increased landed costs for imported components and finished units, longer procurement lead times due to compliance and customs processing, and heightened due diligence around country-of-origin declarations. These changes have reshaped sourcing strategies and prompted firms to evaluate the trade-offs between short-term cost pressures and longer-term resilience.

In response, many suppliers accelerated nearshoring and regional assembly initiatives to reduce exposure to import duties and to shorten logistics chains. This transition often involves redesigning product platforms for modular assembly, qualifying alternative vendors for key subassemblies, and increasing inventory buffers for critical parts such as compressors, printed circuit boards, and heat exchangers. Regulatory compliance burdens have also elevated the importance of supplier traceability and certification, increasing administrative overhead for both manufacturers and their customers. From a commercial perspective, distributors and channel partners have re-priced offerings to reflect higher procurement costs while seeking value propositions that justify premium positioning, such as extended warranties, bundled maintenance, and energy performance guarantees.

Tariff-related dynamics also catalyzed innovation in product design. Manufacturers prioritized components that can be sourced domestically or from preferential-trade partners, and they explored design simplifications that reduce part counts and assembly complexity. For buyers, these shifts mean procurement processes now place stronger emphasis on total landed cost analysis, supplier risk scoring, and contractual terms that share tariff risk. Ultimately, the 2025 tariff environment has accelerated structural change in sourcing, product architecture, and channel strategies, demanding a more integrated approach to commercial planning and supplier management across the value chain.

Deep segmentation perspective revealing how components, system architectures, installation contexts, end-use demands, and channel evolution determine competitive advantage

Segmentation insights reveal how component, system type, installation, end-use, and distribution choices interact to shape demand patterns and product development priorities. Component-level trends show that indoor units-encompassing high wall designs, cassette units that enable hidden installations, floor-standing options for spaces without wall clearance, and underceiling ductless types-remain central to user experience, and therefore receive disproportionate investment in noise reduction, aesthetics, and control integration. Controllers and outdoor condensers likewise influence total system performance, prompting suppliers to align control logic with inverter technology and refrigerant selection to maximize efficiency and serviceability.

System-type differentiation matters for project specification and product roadmap decisions. Single-split configurations are often chosen for discrete rooms or small retrofits due to their simplicity, while multi-split arrangements serve multi-zone applications where several indoor units share a single outdoor unit. Variable refrigerant flow systems deliver scalable zoning and are increasingly specified for larger commercial installations that require more granular temperature control and integration with building management systems. Installation context-new construction versus retrofit-shapes design priorities, with retrofits emphasizing compact form factors and minimal disruption, and new installations allowing for more integrated, architecturally sympathetic solutions.

End-use segmentation drives performance and service expectations; residential buyers typically value quiet operation and smart-home compatibility, commercial buyers prioritize reliability, maintenance access, and integration with tenant comfort strategies, and industrial applications demand robustness and specialized control for process-adjacent heating or cooling needs. Distribution channel evolution is also critical: traditional offline channels continue to support complex projects through local expertise and installation networks, while online channels-including e-commerce platforms and manufacturer direct websites-are expanding reach for standardized units and enabling more competitive pricing, faster quote cycles, and enhanced product transparency. Across all segments, the interplay between technical specifications and go-to-market pathways determines which suppliers capture premium positions.

Regional differentiation driven by regulatory incentives, manufacturing proximity, and climate-specific adoption patterns across major global regions

Regional insights show divergent trajectories based on regulatory frameworks, manufacturing capacity, and adoption drivers across the Americas, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific. In the Americas, demand dynamics are influenced by incentives for building electrification, retrofit activity in aging building stock, and growing familiarity with ductless zonal solutions among both residential and light commercial buyers. This region's proximity to nearshored manufacturing hubs has encouraged investment in local assembly and aftermarket networks, which shortens lead times and enhances service responsiveness.

Across Europe, Middle East & Africa, regulatory emphasis on energy efficiency and decarbonization is pushing designers toward high-performance ductless systems capable of supporting heat-pump-based heating strategies in mild and moderate climates. The region's diverse climates and building typologies create differentiated adoption patterns, with urban retrofits favoring compact indoor unit designs and commercial projects prioritizing integrated BMS connectivity. In the Middle East, cooling-dominant climates sustain demand for robust condensers and high-capacity outdoor units, while regulatory shifts toward refrigerant phase-down and energy labeling influence product selection.

Asia-Pacific remains a significant center of component manufacturing and technological innovation, with a dense supplier base for compressors, electronic controls, and heat exchange components. Rapid urbanization, increasing multi-family construction, and growing consumer expectations for comfort and connectivity support widespread adoption of ductless systems. Regional supply chains in Asia-Pacific have responded to tariff pressures by diversifying production across multiple countries, improving redundancy and risk management. Taken together, these regional patterns create distinct market entry priorities and partnership models depending on the geo-strategic focus of suppliers and buyers.

Competitive positioning and partnership models that combine product innovation, service differentiation, and channel strength to capture value in ductless HVAC

Competitive dynamics in the ductless systems space reflect a mix of incumbent HVAC manufacturers, specialized component suppliers, and emerging technology-focused entrants that emphasize digital services and connectivity. Established players have leveraged brand recognition, broad distribution networks, and integrated service offerings to maintain strong relationships with commercial contractors and large-scale buyers. These firms continue to invest in product reliability, warranty programs, and technical support infrastructure to protect installed bases and cross-sell maintenance contracts.

At the same time, nimble challengers and new entrants are carving niches by focusing on modular, design-forward indoor units, simplified installation methods, and direct-to-customer channels that reduce procurement friction. Several component manufacturers have vertically integrated to offer turnkey system solutions, aligning compressor, heat exchanger, and control subsystems to achieve optimized performance and simplified warranty support. Suppliers that prioritize software-enabled diagnostics and predictive maintenance capabilities are differentiating on lifecycle cost reduction and service efficiency, creating opportunities to bundle subscription-based monitoring services with hardware sales.

Partnerships between regional assemblers and global component producers are increasingly common as firms seek to combine local market knowledge with scale economies in parts sourcing. Channel partners that provide installation and after-sales service remain critical, and their ability to offer rapid response and retrofit expertise often determines project success. Overall, the competitive landscape favors organizations that can combine product innovation, supply chain resilience, digital services, and a strong installer and channel ecosystem to deliver clear value to diverse end users.

Practical strategic moves to optimize product modularity, regional supply resilience, digital services, and channel enablement for sustainable competitive advantage

Actionable recommendations for industry leaders emphasize pragmatic steps to align product portfolios, supply chains, and commercial models with the present and near-term market realities. First, prioritize modular platform architectures that enable flexible indoor unit options-high wall, cassette, floor-standing, and underceiling-while standardizing key outdoor and control interfaces to streamline manufacturing and aftermarket support. This approach reduces complexity and supports faster customization for retrofit and new-build projects.

Second, invest in supplier diversification and regional assembly capabilities to mitigate tariff exposure and logistics risk. Localized assembly centers allow for rapid order fulfillment and improved responsiveness for maintenance and warranty service; they also create closer ties with regional channel partners. Third, accelerate integration of connected controls and predictive maintenance features to deliver measurable lifecycle benefits; these software-enabled capabilities can create recurring revenue through service agreements and improve customer retention. Fourth, tailor go-to-market approaches to match end-use expectations: residential offerings should focus on aesthetics, quiet operation, and smart-home compatibility, while commercial solutions must emphasize reliability, BMS integration, and serviceability. Fifth, strengthen installer training and certification programs to ensure high-quality installations and consistent customer experiences, thereby protecting brand reputation and enabling premium pricing where appropriate.

Finally, embed tariff and regulatory scenarios into procurement contracts and product roadmaps. Scenario planning that includes potential changes in trade policy, refrigerant regulation, and energy efficiency standards will help organizations react faster and allocate R&D and capital expenditure more effectively. By combining modular design, regional supply strategies, digital services, channel development, and regulatory foresight, industry leaders can improve resilience and capture growth opportunities across diverse market segments.

Rigorous mixed-methods research blending practitioner interviews, regulatory review, supply chain mapping, and scenario analysis to ensure robust, actionable insights

The research methodology underpinning this analysis integrates qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques, triangulated to provide a robust understanding of industry dynamics. Primary research involved structured interviews with manufacturers, component suppliers, channel partners, installers, and end users to capture firsthand perspectives on product preferences, installation constraints, and procurement decision criteria. These engagements informed insights into design priorities for indoor units including high wall, cassette, floor-standing, and underceiling types, and clarified how system types such as single-split, multi-split, and variable refrigerant flow are selected across applications.

Secondary research comprised an extensive review of technical standards, regulatory announcements, trade policy developments, and industry publications to map the impact of tariff actions and refrigerant regulations. Supply chain analyses traced component flows and highlighted regions with concentrated manufacturing capabilities. Competitive landscape mapping combined company disclosures, patent activity, and product releases to identify innovation trends. Cross-validation techniques were applied to reconcile potential discrepancies between interview feedback and published sources, and scenario analysis was used to assess the sensitivity of procurement and design decisions to tariff and regulatory variation.

Throughout the methodology, emphasis was placed on ensuring source diversity and maintaining transparency about assumptions. Where direct data access was limited, conservative interpretive approaches were applied and open questions were flagged for future primary research. This mixed-methods approach ensures that the report's conclusions are grounded in practitioner experience, technical documentation, and triangulated industry signals, enabling actionable recommendations that reflect both market realities and plausible near-term trajectories.

Synthesis of key strategic takeaways emphasizing product modularity, supply chain resilience, and digital services as determinants of future market leadership

In conclusion, ductless heating and cooling systems occupy a strategic position at the intersection of energy efficiency, electrification, and flexible building design. Technological advances in inverter controls, refrigerant management, and smart integration have elevated product performance and broadened applicable use cases, enabling adoption across retrofit and new construction projects in residential, commercial, and industrial settings. Tariff dynamics in 2025 have added urgency to supply chain diversification and regional assembly strategies, prompting manufacturers and channel partners to reassess design for manufacturability and total landed cost considerations.

Segmentation nuances-spanning component choices such as controllers and various indoor unit types, system architectures from single-split to variable refrigerant flow, installation contexts, end-use requirements, and evolving distribution channels-create differentiated pathways for value capture. Regional differences further refine strategic priorities, with North and Latin American markets emphasizing nearshoring and retrofit demand, European, Middle Eastern and African markets focused on energy labeling and decarbonization, and Asia-Pacific continuing to lead in component manufacturing and rapid urban adoption. Competitive advantage will accrue to firms that combine product modularity, digital services, installer enablement, and supply chain resilience.

Organizations that operationalize the actionable recommendations-modular product platforms, localized assembly, connected services, tailored channel approaches, and active scenario planning for trade and regulatory risks-will be better positioned to navigate near-term disruptions and to capitalize on the long-term secular shift toward electrified, zonal heating and cooling solutions. The research underscores that strategic clarity, executed through focused investments in design, supply chain, and customer experience, will determine which firms lead the next phase of market evolution.

Table of Contents

1. Preface

  • 1.1. Objectives of the Study
  • 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
  • 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
  • 1.4. Currency & Pricing
  • 1.5. Language
  • 1.6. Stakeholders

2. Research Methodology

3. Executive Summary

4. Market Overview

5. Market Insights

  • 5.1. Advancements in AI predictive maintenance platforms for proactive system servicing
  • 5.2. Emerging inverter technology advancements driving ultra efficient ductless systems
  • 5.3. Integration of smart thermostat and home automation capabilities in mini split systems
  • 5.4. Rising regulatory pressure on system efficiency boosting adoption of high SEER units
  • 5.5. Growing consumer demand for low carbon footprint heating and cooling solutions
  • 5.6. Expansion of modular multi zone indoor units enabling customizable climate control
  • 5.7. Implementation of real time air quality monitoring in ductless heating and cooling
  • 5.8. Increasing installation partnerships streamlining deployment of ductless HVAC solutions
  • 5.9. Surge in direct to consumer sales channels reshaping ductless system distribution
  • 5.10. Focus on refrigerant transition to low global warming potential alternatives in minisplits

6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025

7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025

8. Ductless Heating & Cooling Systems Market, by Component

  • 8.1. Controller
  • 8.2. Indoor Unit
    • 8.2.1. Cassette Unit
    • 8.2.2. Floor Standing Unit
    • 8.2.3. High Wall Units
    • 8.2.4. Underceiling Ductless Unit
  • 8.3. Outdoor Unit

9. Ductless Heating & Cooling Systems Market, by System Type

  • 9.1. Multi Split Systems
  • 9.2. Single Split Systems
  • 9.3. Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems

10. Ductless Heating & Cooling Systems Market, by Installation Type

  • 10.1. New Installation
  • 10.2. Retrofit

11. Ductless Heating & Cooling Systems Market, by End Use

  • 11.1. Commercial
  • 11.2. Industrial
  • 11.3. Residential

12. Ductless Heating & Cooling Systems Market, by Distribution Channel

  • 12.1. Offline
  • 12.2. Online
    • 12.2.1. E-Commerce Platforms
    • 12.2.2. Manufacturer Websites

13. Ductless Heating & Cooling Systems Market, by Region

  • 13.1. Americas
    • 13.1.1. North America
    • 13.1.2. Latin America
  • 13.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
    • 13.2.1. Europe
    • 13.2.2. Middle East
    • 13.2.3. Africa
  • 13.3. Asia-Pacific

14. Ductless Heating & Cooling Systems Market, by Group

  • 14.1. ASEAN
  • 14.2. GCC
  • 14.3. European Union
  • 14.4. BRICS
  • 14.5. G7
  • 14.6. NATO

15. Ductless Heating & Cooling Systems Market, by Country

  • 15.1. United States
  • 15.2. Canada
  • 15.3. Mexico
  • 15.4. Brazil
  • 15.5. United Kingdom
  • 15.6. Germany
  • 15.7. France
  • 15.8. Russia
  • 15.9. Italy
  • 15.10. Spain
  • 15.11. China
  • 15.12. India
  • 15.13. Japan
  • 15.14. Australia
  • 15.15. South Korea

16. Competitive Landscape

  • 16.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
  • 16.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
  • 16.3. Competitive Analysis
    • 16.3.1. Trane Technologies Company, LLC
    • 16.3.2. Carrier Global Corporation
    • 16.3.3. Daikin Industries, Ltd.
    • 16.3.4. Fujitsu General Limited
    • 16.3.5. GE Appliances, a Haier company
    • 16.3.6. GREE Comfort
    • 16.3.7. Honeywell International Inc.
    • 16.3.8. Johnson Controls International plc
    • 16.3.9. Lennox International Inc.
    • 16.3.10. LG Electronics Inc.
    • 16.3.11. Midea Group Co., Ltd.
    • 16.3.12. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
    • 16.3.13. Panasonic Corporation
    • 16.3.14. Rheem Manufacturing Company
    • 16.3.15. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
    • 16.3.16. Toshiba Carrier Corporation
    • 16.3.17. Whirlpool Corporation

LIST OF FIGURES

  • FIGURE 1. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 2. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2024 VS 2032 (%)
  • FIGURE 3. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 4. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2024 VS 2032 (%)
  • FIGURE 5. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 6. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2024 VS 2032 (%)
  • FIGURE 7. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 8. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2024 VS 2032 (%)
  • FIGURE 9. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 10. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2024 VS 2032 (%)
  • FIGURE 11. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 12. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 13. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 14. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 15. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 16. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 17. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 18. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 19. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 20. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 21. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY GROUP, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 22. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 23. GCC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 24. EUROPEAN UNION DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 25. BRICS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 26. G7 DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 27. NATO DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 28. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
  • FIGURE 29. DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SHARE, BY KEY PLAYER, 2024
  • FIGURE 30. DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET, FPNV POSITIONING MATRIX, 2024

LIST OF TABLES

  • TABLE 1. DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SEGMENTATION & COVERAGE
  • TABLE 2. UNITED STATES DOLLAR EXCHANGE RATE, 2018-2024
  • TABLE 3. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 4. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 5. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 6. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 7. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY CONTROLLER, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 8. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY CONTROLLER, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 9. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY CONTROLLER, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 10. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY CONTROLLER, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 11. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY CONTROLLER, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 12. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY CONTROLLER, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 13. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 14. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 15. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 16. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 17. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 18. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 19. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 20. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 21. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY CASSETTE UNIT, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 22. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY CASSETTE UNIT, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 23. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY CASSETTE UNIT, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 24. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY CASSETTE UNIT, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 25. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY CASSETTE UNIT, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 26. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY CASSETTE UNIT, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 27. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY FLOOR STANDING UNIT, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 28. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY FLOOR STANDING UNIT, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 29. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY FLOOR STANDING UNIT, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 30. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY FLOOR STANDING UNIT, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 31. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY FLOOR STANDING UNIT, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 32. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY FLOOR STANDING UNIT, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 33. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY HIGH WALL UNITS, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 34. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY HIGH WALL UNITS, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 35. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY HIGH WALL UNITS, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 36. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY HIGH WALL UNITS, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 37. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY HIGH WALL UNITS, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 38. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY HIGH WALL UNITS, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 39. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY UNDERCEILING DUCTLESS UNIT, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 40. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY UNDERCEILING DUCTLESS UNIT, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 41. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY UNDERCEILING DUCTLESS UNIT, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 42. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY UNDERCEILING DUCTLESS UNIT, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 43. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY UNDERCEILING DUCTLESS UNIT, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 44. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY UNDERCEILING DUCTLESS UNIT, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 45. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY OUTDOOR UNIT, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 46. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY OUTDOOR UNIT, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 47. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY OUTDOOR UNIT, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 48. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY OUTDOOR UNIT, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 49. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY OUTDOOR UNIT, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 50. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY OUTDOOR UNIT, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 51. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 52. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 53. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY MULTI SPLIT SYSTEMS, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 54. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY MULTI SPLIT SYSTEMS, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 55. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY MULTI SPLIT SYSTEMS, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 56. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY MULTI SPLIT SYSTEMS, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 57. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY MULTI SPLIT SYSTEMS, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 58. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY MULTI SPLIT SYSTEMS, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 59. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SINGLE SPLIT SYSTEMS, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 60. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SINGLE SPLIT SYSTEMS, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 61. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SINGLE SPLIT SYSTEMS, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 62. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SINGLE SPLIT SYSTEMS, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 63. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SINGLE SPLIT SYSTEMS, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 64. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SINGLE SPLIT SYSTEMS, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 65. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOW SYSTEMS, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 66. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOW SYSTEMS, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 67. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOW SYSTEMS, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 68. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOW SYSTEMS, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 69. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOW SYSTEMS, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 70. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOW SYSTEMS, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 71. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 72. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 73. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY NEW INSTALLATION, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 74. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY NEW INSTALLATION, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 75. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY NEW INSTALLATION, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 76. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY NEW INSTALLATION, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 77. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY NEW INSTALLATION, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 78. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY NEW INSTALLATION, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 79. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY RETROFIT, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 80. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY RETROFIT, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 81. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY RETROFIT, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 82. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY RETROFIT, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 83. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY RETROFIT, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 84. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY RETROFIT, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 85. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 86. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 87. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMMERCIAL, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 88. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMMERCIAL, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 89. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMMERCIAL, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 90. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMMERCIAL, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 91. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMMERCIAL, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 92. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMMERCIAL, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 93. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRIAL, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 94. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRIAL, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 95. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRIAL, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 96. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRIAL, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 97. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRIAL, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 98. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRIAL, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 99. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY RESIDENTIAL, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 100. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY RESIDENTIAL, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 101. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY RESIDENTIAL, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 102. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY RESIDENTIAL, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 103. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY RESIDENTIAL, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 104. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY RESIDENTIAL, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 105. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 106. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 107. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY OFFLINE, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 108. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY OFFLINE, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 109. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY OFFLINE, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 110. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY OFFLINE, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 111. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY OFFLINE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 112. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY OFFLINE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 113. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 114. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 115. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 116. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 117. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 118. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 119. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 120. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 121. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 122. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 123. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 124. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 125. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 126. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 127. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY MANUFACTURER WEBSITES, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 128. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY MANUFACTURER WEBSITES, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 129. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY MANUFACTURER WEBSITES, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 130. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY MANUFACTURER WEBSITES, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 131. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY MANUFACTURER WEBSITES, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 132. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY MANUFACTURER WEBSITES, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 133. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 134. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 135. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 136. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 137. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 138. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 139. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 140. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 141. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 142. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 143. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 144. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 145. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 146. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 147. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 148. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 149. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 150. AMERICAS DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 151. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 152. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 153. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 154. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 155. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 156. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 157. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 158. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 159. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 160. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 161. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 162. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 163. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 164. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 165. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 166. NORTH AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 167. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 168. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 169. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 170. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 171. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 172. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 173. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 174. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 175. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 176. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 177. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 178. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 179. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 180. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 181. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 182. LATIN AMERICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 183. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 184. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 185. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 186. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 187. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 188. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 189. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 190. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 191. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 192. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 193. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 194. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 195. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 196. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 197. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 198. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 199. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 200. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 201. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 202. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 203. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 204. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 205. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 206. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 207. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 208. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 209. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 210. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 211. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 212. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 213. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 214. EUROPE DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 215. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 216. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 217. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 218. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 219. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 220. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 221. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 222. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 223. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 224. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 225. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 226. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 227. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 228. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 229. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 230. MIDDLE EAST DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 231. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 232. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 233. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 234. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 235. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 236. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 237. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 238. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 239. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 240. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 241. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 242. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 243. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 244. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 245. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 246. AFRICA DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 247. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 248. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 249. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 250. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 251. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 252. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 253. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 254. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 255. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 256. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 257. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 258. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 259. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 260. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 261. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 262. ASIA-PACIFIC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 263. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 264. GLOBAL DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 265. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 266. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 267. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 268. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 269. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 270. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 271. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 272. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 273. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 274. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INSTALLATION TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 275. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 276. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY END USE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 277. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 278. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 279. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 280. ASEAN DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 281. GCC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 282. GCC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 283. GCC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 284. GCC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 285. GCC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 286. GCC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY INDOOR UNIT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 287. GCC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
  • TABLE 288. GCC DUCTLESS HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS MARKET SIZE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)

TABLE 2