![]() |
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1847781
按模式、移動性、最終用戶和應用分類的造影劑注射器市場 - 全球預測 2025-2032Contrast Media Injectors Market by Modality, Mobility, End User, Application - Global Forecast 2025-2032 |
||||||
※ 本網頁內容可能與最新版本有所差異。詳細情況請與我們聯繫。
預計到 2032 年,造影劑注射器市場規模將達到 36.2 億美元,複合年成長率為 7.43%。
| 主要市場統計數據 | |
|---|---|
| 基準年 2024 | 20.4億美元 |
| 預計年份:2025年 | 21.9億美元 |
| 預測年份:2032年 | 36.2億美元 |
| 複合年成長率 (%) | 7.43% |
造影注射器在影像精確度、手術效率和病患安全之間起著至關重要的作用。這些設備能夠以可控的流速和劑量注入造影劑,從而支援各種診斷和介入手術中的高解析度成像。過去十年,臨床對造影劑注射器的期望已不再局限於簡單的輸送性能,而是擴展到整合智慧、可重複的劑量控制以及成像系統與醫院IT基礎設施之間的無縫連接。
由於影像品質和診斷信心直接受注射通訊協定的影響,臨床工作流程越來越注重可重複性,並力求最大限度地減少造影劑造影過程中的變異性。隨著放射科和介入手術室適應更高通量和更複雜的混合手術,注射器需要支援多階段方案、自動化序列和故障安全保障措施,以減少人為錯誤。同時,感染控制的需求以及一次性組件的使用趨勢正在重塑設備的設計和處置策略。
臨床醫生、採購專業人員和監管機構的共同壓力正在重塑產業格局。臨床醫生要求精準性以及與影像工作流程的整合,採購負責人追求整體擁有成本和服務可靠性,而監管機構則強調病人安全和無菌保證。這些因素共同推動了人體工學、軟體控制劑量、模組化硬體和生命週期支援的創新,使造影注射器成為影像診療管道中的策略資產。
造影劑注射器領域正經歷顯著的變革,這主要受技術整合、臨床需求和醫療系統優先事項的驅動。自動化和軟體智慧處於領先地位,推動注射器從機械裝置向平台解決方案的轉變,這些平台解決方案能夠編配給藥通訊協定、採集手術元元資料,並與成像主機和電子健康記錄對接。這種轉變有助於實現可重複的成像通訊協定,加速臨床醫生對技術的接受度,並減少操作者之間的差異。
另一個重要的變化是朝向便攜性和模組化方向發展。電池技術的進步、緊湊的泵浦設計以及堅固的機殼,使得可攜式注射器能夠在傳統放射科之外支援照護現場成像和介入手術。同時,固定式系統也在進行重新設計,採用模組化拋棄式和可維護組件,以提高運作並降低生命週期成本。出於永續性的考慮,製造商正在重新設計拋棄式和包裝,以在保持無菌性的同時減少醫療廢棄物。
監管力度加大以及對循證實踐的要求促使製造商增加對臨床檢驗和真實世界性能數據的投入。互通性標準和網路安全要求正在再形成產品藍圖,並強制要求實現安全連接和強大的軟體生命週期管理。最後,顯像模式和混合手術的融合提升了注射器在多學科診療中的作用,因此需要設計能夠滿足各種造影需求和臨床工作流程的注射器。
美國於2025年實施並隨後提高關稅,對造影注射器及其組件的供應鏈、籌資策略和價格談判動態產生了連鎖反應。許多製造商在全球採購精密組件、拋棄式和子組件,其成本結構極易受到進口關稅的影響。隨著關稅上調導致海外製造組件的到岸成本增加,製造商和供應商採取了各種應對措施,改變了供應關係和採購計劃。
常見的因應措施是供應商多元化和近岸外包。採購團隊加快了對低成本或免稅地區替代供應商的資格審核,並增加了庫存緩衝以應對成本波動。當無法實現近岸外包時,一些製造商為了維持市場地位而承受了短期成本上漲,而另一些製造商則調整了價格或重組了與醫療系統客戶的合約。這些因應措施對醫院和影像中心的服務合約、保固期以及資本採購週期產生了連鎖反應。
關稅壓力也促使企業最佳化產品架構。各公司審查了材料清單,以確定哪些零件可以重新設計或在國內採購,並考慮對高價值次組件進行垂直整合的可能性。對於最終用戶而言,總成本考量不僅限於購置價格,還包括備件供應、維護物流和耗材採購。總體而言,關稅環境引發了對採購彈性、供應商夥伴關係和跨境製造佈局的策略性重新評估,並將繼續影響採購和產品藍圖。
穩健的分割觀點能夠清楚闡明不同設備配置和使用環境下的各種臨床需求和機會。本文以影像方式探討了電腦斷層掃描(CT)、磁振造影)、正子斷層掃描(超音波)、超音波和放射學,每種影像方式對注射時機、造影劑相容性和與影像擷取的同步性都有其獨特的要求。 CT工作流程優先考慮快速大劑量投藥和超音波精確的定時,而磁振造影要求與钆基造影劑相容,並在某些序列中具備更長的注射時間。 PET和超音波帶來了獨特的操作細節,這些細節會影響注射器的控制和使用者介面。
移動性同樣重要,根據移動性,市場將注射器分為攜帶式和固定式注射器,這反映了它們在體積小巧、電池壽命、工作週期和整合安全功能之間的不同權衡。可攜式注射器必須在輕巧的結構和強大的流量控制之間取得平衡,使其適用於介入性手術室、加護治療室和床邊操作。相較之下,固定式注射器更注重更高的通量、整合的拋棄式管理和更深層的模式整合,以滿足高流量影像中心的需求。
最終用戶細分體現在服務和經營模式中。基於最終用戶,市場研究涵蓋門診醫療中心、診斷中心、醫院和研究機構,每個機構的採購週期和營運重點各不相同。門診醫療中心優先考慮成本效益和緊湊的佔地面積,診斷中心追求吞吐量和執行時間,醫院需要企業整合和延長保固期,而研究機構通常需要實驗靈活性和精確的劑量控制。應用層面的細分進一步細化了產品需求和臨床證據需求。基於應用,市場研究涵蓋心臟病學、消化病學、神經病學、腫瘤學和整形外科。循環系統進一步細分為介入性心臟病學和非介入性循環系統,以反映手術環境和造影通訊協定的差異。消化病學進一步細分為電腦斷層掃描結腸造影和磁振造影胰膽管造影,這些檢查決定了特定的注射時間和造影循環系統。神經病學將在中風成像和腫瘤診斷方面進一步探索,其中時間準確性和可重複性對於診斷敏感性至關重要。
透過整合這些細分層,產品團隊可以優先考慮開發管道,協調培訓和服務,並提供差異化的價值提案,以滿足臨床工作流程和採購期望。
造影造影領域的區域動態對市場應用模式、監管環境和供應鏈策略有顯著影響。在美洲,對先進診斷技術和大量高通量成像中心的投資推動了對整合系統、完善的服務網路以及注重正常運作和整體擁有成本的合約模式的需求。報銷機制和醫院採購週期影響採購趨勢,而國內製造能力決定了企業抵禦跨境關稅的能力。
歐洲、中東和非洲地區管理體制的差異以及醫療基礎設施水準的參差不齊,既帶來了機遇,也帶來了挑戰。西方醫療體系優先考慮臨床證據、互通性和全生命週期支持,而中東和北非部分市場則更注重成本效益、在惡劣環境下的耐用性和易於維護性。一些地區正在推動監管協調工作,加快醫療器材核准,但打入市場策略也需要根據實際情況進行調整。
亞太地區具有雙重重要性,大都會圈擁有成熟的醫療中心,而新興市場的影像處理能力也迅速發展。高成長都市區的醫院需要尖端整合技術和高吞吐量,而二線城市對成本較為敏感的醫療機構則需要可擴展的解決方案和可靠的服務網路。該地區的製造地不僅保障了零件的供應,還透過引進具競爭力的本地供應商,影響定價和夥伴關係策略。在整個亞太地區,感染控制、一次性耗材和環境處置方面的區域標準正在重塑產品設計和售後服務。
注射器市場的競爭動態以成熟醫療設備原始設備製造商 (OEM)、專注於特定領域的創新企業和專業服務供應商之間的相互作用為特徵。成熟製造商利用其豐富的產品系列、深厚的服務網路和規模優勢,提供將注射器與顯像模式系統和企業 IT 整合的綜合解決方案。這些公司通常會投資於長期臨床證據的收集、多中心臨床試驗以及跨領域合作,以提升其產品在醫院採購決策中的競爭力。
專注於特定領域的創新者透過軟體功能、使用者體驗和客製化拋棄式脫穎而出,這些耗材能夠滿足特定的手術需求,例如介入性心臟病學或神經血管成像。他們的敏捷性使他們能夠快速迭代使用者介面和通訊協定庫,從而加速專業中心的臨床應用。服務供應商和第三方製造商在售後支援方面發揮著至關重要的作用,他們透過提供耗材、預防性保養和維修服務,延長設備生命週期並降低客戶的整體擁有成本。
設備製造商、軟體供應商和影像系統整合商之間的策略夥伴關係和授權協議正變得日益重要。協作能夠實現更深層的互通性、簡化的工作流程交接以及吸引企業買家的配套服務模式。競爭優勢取決於能否將強大的硬體效能與安全的連接、循證通訊協定以及可擴展的服務模式相結合,從而減少臨床團隊的操作阻力。
產業領導者可以透過整合產品、營運和商業性舉措,採取果斷行動來確保競爭優勢。首先,應優先考慮模組化產品架構,以便軟體和耗材能夠逐步升級,而無需更換硬體。其次,應投資於與影像主機、RIS/PACS 和電子健康記錄的安全互通性和標準化整合,以簡化部署並減少 IT 摩擦。
透過多元化合格供應商、盡可能將關鍵子組件外包至近岸地區以及建立靈活的庫存策略來增強供應鏈韌性,從而降低關稅和中斷風險。利用透明的生命週期支援服務(包括預測性獎勵和基於績效的服務協議)來完善您的採購策略,使供應商的激勵機制與臨床運轉率目標保持一致。透過多中心研究和真實世界資料收集來加速籌資策略證據的生成,以證明在介入性心臟病學和卒中成像等目標應用中的可重複性、安全性和工作流程效率。
最後,我們採用整合設備、耗材、培訓和數據洞察的整體商業模式與客戶合作。我們為門診中心和診斷診所提供量身定做的融資和試驗計畫,以減少其採用新系統的阻力,同時為醫院制定能夠帶來可預測服務成果的企業合約。透過整合產品設計、實證醫學證據和商業模式,企業可以將自身的技術優勢轉化為可衡量的臨床和財務價值。
本分析的調查方法結合了多種定性調查方法以及對技術、法規和臨床文獻的系統性回顧。主要研究包括對臨床負責人、生物醫學工程師、採購主管和設備服務經理進行結構化訪談,以收集有關工作流程需求、維護注意事項和採購決策促進因素的第一手資訊。此外,還對目標設備進行了基準化分析,以評估代表性注射器平台的人體工學、流量控制精度、介面設計和耗材管理。
二次研究包括對監管指南、輸注設備標準、已發表的臨床通訊協定以及探討造影劑給藥與影像結果之間關係的同行評審研究的審查。透過供應鏈圖譜分析,確定了影響交貨時間和風險敞口的關鍵上游組件依賴關係、區域造影製造地和物流因素。前置作業時間,並對來自不同資料來源的研究結果進行三角驗證,以確保其穩健性和實際應用價值。
在整個研究過程中,我們專注於獲取可操作的見解,而不是預測性的估計,優先考慮能夠為使用者和製造商提供產品設計決策、籌資策略和臨床應用管道的證據。
造影注射器正從專用硬體轉向整合式臨床平台轉型,這將影響影像品質、手術效率和病患安全。推動這項變革的因素包括軟體智慧的進步、對便攜性和模組化的需求、對臨床證據日益成長的期望,以及全球供應鏈和區域法規環境的實際情況。這些因素共同促使製造商和醫療系統採用更全面的方法進行產品開發、採購和生命週期支援。
有效的策略結合了支援漸進式升級的產品架構、實現無縫工作流程整合的強大互通性,以及將獎勵與執行時間和臨床結果掛鉤的商業模式。供應鏈的韌性和對區域製造的考量將繼續影響採購決策和定價策略,尤其是在受政策變化和關稅壓力影響的環境下。最後,有針對性的臨床檢驗和真實世界數據收集仍然至關重要,以證明產品在不同模式、行動場景、最終用戶和應用場景下的價值。
透過應用本簡報中概述的細分和區域觀點,相關人員可以更好地確定投資的優先順序,創造差異化的產品,並實施籌資策略降低營運風險,同時增強診斷和介入醫療保健服務。
The Contrast Media Injectors Market is projected to grow by USD 3.62 billion at a CAGR of 7.43% by 2032.
| KEY MARKET STATISTICS | |
|---|---|
| Base Year [2024] | USD 2.04 billion |
| Estimated Year [2025] | USD 2.19 billion |
| Forecast Year [2032] | USD 3.62 billion |
| CAGR (%) | 7.43% |
Contrast media injectors occupy a pivotal role at the intersection of imaging precision, procedural efficiency, and patient safety. These devices deliver contrast agents with controlled flow rates and volumes to support high-resolution visualization across a broad spectrum of diagnostic and interventional procedures. Over the past decade clinical expectations have evolved beyond mere delivery performance to demand integrated intelligence, reproducible dosing, and seamless connectivity with imaging systems and hospital IT infrastructures.
Clinical workflows increasingly emphasize repeatability and minimized variability in contrast administration because image quality and diagnostic confidence are directly affected by injection protocols. As radiology departments and interventional suites adapt to higher throughput and more complex hybrid procedures, injectors are expected to support multi-phase protocols, automated sequences, and fail-safe safeguards that reduce human error. Concurrently, infection control imperatives and single-use component trends are reshaping device design and disposables strategy.
The industry landscape is shaped by converging pressures from clinicians, procurement professionals, and regulators. Clinicians demand precision and integration with modality workflows; procurement seeks total cost of ownership and service reliability; regulators emphasize patient safety and sterility assurance. Together, these drivers are catalyzing innovation in ergonomics, software-enabled dosing, modular hardware, and lifecycle support, positioning contrast media injectors as strategic assets within imaging care pathways.
The contrast media injector landscape is undergoing transformative shifts driven by technological integration, clinical expectations, and broader healthcare system priorities. Automation and software intelligence have become central, with injectors evolving from mechanical devices into platform solutions that orchestrate dosing protocols, capture procedure metadata, and interface with modality consoles and electronic health records. This transition enables reproducible imaging protocols, accelerates onboarding for clinicians, and reduces variability across operators.
Another important shift is the move toward portability and modularity. Advances in battery technology, compact pump designs, and ruggedized housings are enabling portable injectors to support point-of-care imaging and interventional procedures outside traditional radiology suites. At the same time, stationary systems are being reimagined with modular disposables and serviceable components to improve uptime and lower lifecycle costs. Sustainability considerations are prompting manufacturers to redesign disposables and packaging to reduce medical waste while preserving sterility.
Regulatory scrutiny and the demand for evidence-based adoption have driven manufacturers to invest more in clinical validation and real-world performance data. Interoperability standards and cybersecurity expectations are reshaping product roadmaps, requiring secure connectivity and robust software lifecycle management. Finally, the convergence of imaging modalities and hybrid procedures elevates the injector's role in multidisciplinary care, necessitating designs that accommodate diverse contrast requirements and clinical workflows.
The introduction and escalation of United States tariffs in 2025 created downstream effects that reverberated across supply chains, procurement strategies, and price negotiation dynamics for contrast media injectors and their components. Many manufacturers rely on globally sourced precision components, single-use disposables, and subassemblies whose cost structures were sensitive to import duties. As tariffs increased landed costs for components manufactured abroad, manufacturers and suppliers responded with a range of measures that altered supply relationships and procurement timelines.
One common response was supplier diversification and nearshoring. Procurement teams accelerated qualification of alternative vendors in lower-cost or tariff-exempt jurisdictions and increased inventory buffers to protect against cost volatility. Where nearshoring was not feasible, some manufacturers absorbed short-term cost increases to preserve market positioning, while others implemented price adjustments or restructured contracts with health system customers. These reactions had cascading effects on service contracts, warranty terms, and capital procurement cycles for hospitals and imaging centers.
Tariff pressures also intensified focus on product architecture optimization. Companies revisited bill-of-materials to identify components amenable to redesign or domestic sourcing, and they examined the potential for greater vertical integration of high-value subassemblies. For end users, total cost considerations extended beyond acquisition price to include spare parts availability, maintenance logistics, and consumables sourcing. In aggregate, the tariff environment catalyzed a strategic reassessment of sourcing resilience, supplier partnerships, and cross-border manufacturing footprints that will continue to influence procurement and product roadmaps.
A robust segmentation perspective clarifies the varied clinical requirements and commercial opportunities across different device configurations and use environments. Based on Modality, market is studied across Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, Ultrasound, and X-Ray Imaging, each of which imposes unique demands on injection timing, contrast formulation compatibility, and synchronization with image acquisition. Computed Tomography workflows prioritize rapid bolus delivery and multi-phase timing precision, whereas Magnetic Resonance Imaging requires compatibility with gadolinium-based agents and extended infusion capabilities for certain sequences. Positron Emission Tomography and Ultrasound bring their own procedural nuances that influence injector controls and user interfaces.
Mobility considerations are equally important, and Based on Mobility, market is studied across Portable and Stationary, reflecting differing tradeoffs between compactness, battery life, duty cycle, and integrated safety features. Portable injectors must balance lightweight construction with robust flow control, making them suitable for interventional suites, intensive care settings, and bedside procedures. Stationary injectors, by contrast, can emphasize higher throughput, integrated disposables management, and deeper modality integration for high-volume imaging centers.
End-user segmentation informs service and business models, and Based on End User, market is studied across Ambulatory Care Centers, Diagnostic Centers, Hospitals, and Research Institutes, each with distinctive procurement cycles and operational priorities. Ambulatory care centers often prioritize cost efficiency and compact footprints, diagnostic centers pursue throughput and uptime, hospitals demand enterprise integration and extended warranty terms, and research institutes require experimental flexibility and precise dosing control. Application-level segmentation further refines product requirements and clinical evidence needs; Based on Application, market is studied across Cardiology, Gastroenterology, Neurology, Oncology, and Orthopedics. Cardiology is further studied across Interventional Cardiology and Non-Interventional Cardiology, reflecting differing procedural environments and contrast demands. Gastroenterology is further studied across Computed Tomography Colonography and Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography, which drive specific injector timing and contrast protocols. Neurology is further studied across Stroke Imaging and Tumor Diagnostics, where timing precision and reproducibility are paramount for diagnostic sensitivity.
Integrating these segmentation layers enables product teams to prioritize development pathways, tailor training and service offers, and craft differentiated value propositions that resonate with distinct clinical workflows and procurement expectations.
Regional dynamics exert a strong influence on adoption patterns, regulatory priorities, and supply-chain strategies across the contrast media injector landscape. In the Americas, investment in advanced diagnostics and a large installed base of high-throughput imaging centers drives demand for integrated systems, rigorous service networks, and contractual models that emphasize uptime and total cost of ownership. Reimbursement frameworks and hospital procurement cycles shape purchasing cadences, and domestic manufacturing capacity influences resilience to cross-border tariff exposure.
In Europe, Middle East & Africa, heterogeneous regulatory regimes and varying levels of healthcare infrastructure create a diverse set of opportunities and challenges. Western European healthcare systems emphasize clinical evidence, interoperability, and lifecycle support, whereas markets in parts of the Middle East and Africa prioritize cost efficiency, durability in challenging operating environments, and ease of maintenance. Regulatory harmonization efforts in certain jurisdictions accelerate device approvals but also require tailored market access strategies.
Asia-Pacific presents a dual landscape of advanced centers in metropolitan areas and rapidly expanding imaging capacity in emerging markets. High-growth urban hospitals demand cutting-edge integration and high throughput, while cost-sensitive facilities in secondary cities seek scalable solutions and reliable service networks. Manufacturing hubs in the region support component availability but also introduce competitive local suppliers, which influences pricing and partnership strategies. Across all regions, regional standards for infection control, single-use consumables, and environmental disposal are reshaping product designs and aftermarket services.
Competitive dynamics in the injector space are characterized by the interplay of established medical device OEMs, focused niche innovators, and specialized service providers. Established manufacturers leverage broad product portfolios, deep service networks, and scale to offer comprehensive solutions that integrate injectors with imaging modality ecosystems and enterprise IT. These firms often invest in long-term clinical evidence generation, multi-site trials, and cross-disciplinary engagement to anchor their products in hospital procurement decisions.
Niche innovators differentiate through software capabilities, user experience, and tailored disposables that address specific procedural needs, such as interventional cardiology or neurovascular imaging. Their agility enables rapid iteration of user interfaces and protocol libraries, which can accelerate clinical adoption in specialized centers. Service providers and third-party manufacturers play a critical role in aftermarket support, offering consumables, preventive maintenance, and refurbishment services that extend device lifecycles and reduce total ownership costs for customers.
Strategic partnerships and licensing agreements between device makers, software vendors, and imaging system integrators are increasingly important. Collaboration enables deeper interoperability, streamlined workflow handoffs, and bundled service models that appeal to enterprise purchasers. Competitive differentiation now rests on the ability to combine robust hardware performance with secure connectivity, evidence-backed protocols, and scalable service models that reduce operational friction for clinical teams.
Industry leaders can act decisively to secure advantage through a combination of product, operational, and commercial initiatives. First, prioritize modular product architectures that permit incremental upgrades to software and disposables without full hardware replacement; this reduces procurement barriers and supports recurring consumables revenue. Invest in secure interoperability features and standardized integration with imaging consoles, RIS/PACS, and electronic health records to simplify adoption and reduce IT friction.
Strengthen supply-chain resilience by diversifying qualified suppliers, nearshoring critical subassemblies where feasible, and building flexible inventory strategies that mitigate tariff or disruption risk. Complement sourcing strategies with transparent lifecycle support offerings, including predictive maintenance and outcome-linked service contracts that align vendor incentives with clinical uptime objectives. Accelerate clinical evidence generation through multi-center studies and real-world data collection that demonstrate reproducibility, safety, and workflow efficiency in target applications such as interventional cardiology and stroke imaging.
Finally, engage customers with holistic commercial models that combine device, consumables, training, and data insights. Offer tailored financing and pilot programs to lower adoption friction for ambulatory centers and diagnostic clinics, while providing enterprise agreements that deliver predictable service outcomes for hospitals. By aligning product design, evidence, and commercial models, companies can translate technological differentiation into measurable clinical and financial value.
The research approach underpinning this analysis combined multi-method qualitative inquiry with systematic review of technical, regulatory, and clinical literature. Primary research consisted of structured interviews with clinical leaders, biomedical engineers, procurement executives, and device service managers to capture first-hand insights into workflow requirements, maintenance considerations, and procurement decision drivers. These interviews were complemented by targeted device benchmarking to evaluate ergonomics, flow control precision, interface design, and disposables management across representative injector platforms.
Secondary research included review of regulatory guidance, standards for infusion devices, published clinical protocols, and peer-reviewed studies that examine the relationship between contrast administration and imaging outcomes. Supply-chain mapping exercises identified key upstream component dependencies, regional manufacturing hubs, and logistics considerations that influence lead times and risk exposure. Scenario analysis was used to explore the operational and financial implications of supply-chain disruptions and policy shifts, and findings were triangulated across data sources to ensure robustness and practical relevance.
Throughout the research process emphasis was placed on capturing actionable insights rather than predictive estimates, prioritizing evidence that supports product design decisions, procurement strategies, and clinical implementation pathways for users and manufacturers alike.
Contrast media injectors are transitioning from specialized hardware into integrated clinical platforms that influence imaging quality, procedural efficiency, and patient safety. This evolution is being shaped by advances in software intelligence, demand for portability and modularity, rising expectations for clinical evidence, and the practical realities of global supply chains and regional regulatory environments. Together, these forces require manufacturers and health systems to adopt more holistic approaches to product development, procurement, and lifecycle support.
Effective strategies will combine product architectures that support incremental upgrades, robust interoperability for seamless workflow integration, and commercial models that align incentives around uptime and clinical outcomes. Supply-chain resilience and regional manufacturing considerations will continue to influence sourcing decisions and pricing strategies, particularly in environments affected by policy changes or tariff pressure. Finally, targeted clinical validation and real-world data collection will remain essential to demonstrate value across distinct modalities, mobility profiles, end users, and applications.
By applying the segmentation and regional perspectives outlined in this summary, stakeholders can better prioritize investments, craft differentiated offerings, and implement procurement strategies that reduce operational risk while enhancing diagnostic and interventional care delivery.