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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1861939
分子生物學酵素、套件和試劑市場(按產品類型、應用、最終用戶、技術和銷售管道)——2025-2032年全球預測Molecular Biology Enzymes & Kits & Reagents Market by Product Type, Application, End User, Technology, Sales Channel - Global Forecast 2025-2032 |
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※ 本網頁內容可能與最新版本有所差異。詳細情況請與我們聯繫。
預計到 2032 年,分子生物學酵素、套件和試劑市場將成長至 539 億美元,複合年成長率為 12.26%。
| 關鍵市場統計數據 | |
|---|---|
| 基準年 2024 | 213.5億美元 |
| 預計年份:2025年 | 240.1億美元 |
| 預測年份 2032 | 539億美元 |
| 複合年成長率 (%) | 12.26% |
在技術創新、研究重點轉變和複雜的供應鏈動態的驅動下,分子生物學酶、套件和試劑領域正在迅速發展。 DNA聚合酵素、連接酶、限制性內切酶和逆轉錄酶等酶在基礎研究、臨床診斷和生物製造中仍然發揮著至關重要的作用,隨著先進的定序和擴增方法被整合到工作流程中,它們的作用也在不斷擴展。同時,能夠簡化核酸純化、PCR工作流程、定序樣品製備和克隆的套件和試劑正在提高各學科實驗室的實驗可重複性並縮短實驗結果的獲取時間。
研究人員和採購經理正面臨即時PCR和次世代定序日益成熟,以及數位PCR和日益自動化的樣品製備平台不斷湧現的挑戰。高通量定序、靈敏擴增和酵素工程的融合,推動了對能夠在不同樣本類型中保持性能穩定的試劑的需求。因此,策略負責人和研發經理在評估供應商時,不僅要專注於產品效能,還要檢視其品質保證措施、供應穩定性以及技術支援和法規文件的可用性。
在此背景下,科研團隊和商業開發人員更加重視將最佳化酶與檢驗的套件和端到端通訊協定相結合的整合解決方案。對可重複性和標準化的日益成長的需求,促使人們傾向於選擇檢驗的試劑組和認證酶,越來越多的機構優先考慮與能夠提供技術培訓、檢驗數據和可擴展供應鏈的供應商建立夥伴關係。本文旨在引出對學術界、臨床和工業界變革及其對相關人員實際影響的深入分析。
在生命科學領域,一系列變革正在重新定義酵素、套件和試劑的開發、檢驗和應用方式。首要驅動力是精準酶工程,定向進化和蛋白質設計使得聚合酵素和逆轉錄酶具有更高的保真度、熱穩定性和抗抑制劑能力。這些改良的酵素為更穩健的PCR和定序工作流程提供了基礎,提高了分析靈敏度,並擴展了無需複雜樣品製備即可處理的樣品類型範圍。
同時,即時PCR定量PCR和次世代定序平台已發展成為藥物研發和診斷領域的常規工具,而數位PCR作為一種絕對定量方法,在臨床和品管領域也日益普及。這種技術多樣化催生了對不同平台最佳化的試劑套件和試劑的需求,獎勵供應商提供包含酵素、緩衝液、引子和對照品的檢驗試劑包。與技術進步相伴而生的是,試劑的標準化和可追溯性也受到了高度重視,以滿足監管要求並支持多中心合作研究。
此外,我們還看到自動化和試劑配方之間的相互作用正在改變。隨著實驗室採用高通量自動化液體處理設備和整合式樣本到結果分析儀器,供應商正在重新配製試劑套件,以適應機器人工作流程和封閉式系統。這提高了通量並減少了人為操作差異,同時也提高了對批次間一致性和長期供應保障的期望。這些變革性因素正在共同重塑學術界、臨床和工業研究環境中的採購標準、供應商關係和實驗室工作流程。
到2025年,政策和貿易趨勢將為依賴跨境採購酵素和套件的實驗室和供應商帶來新的變數。關稅調整和進口限制正在影響從基礎原料到成品試劑組等所有產品的採購決策,迫使各機構重新評估供應商的地理分佈和庫存策略。實際上,採購團隊需要在成本壓力和單一來源依賴所帶來的營運風險之間尋求平衡,通常會透過供應商網路多元化來降低關稅導致的價格波動風險。
這些貿易趨勢也與製造商調整生產基地和修改分銷協議以保持競爭力的策略息息相關。一些供應商正透過本地化生產和建立區域配銷中心來應對,以最大限度地減少關稅的影響並縮短前置作業時間。雖然這些變更有助於增強終端使用者的抗風險能力,但隨著產品配方、監管文件和批次間可比性在製造地之間的協調統一,也可能帶來過渡期的複雜性。
對於研發密集型機構和診斷實驗室而言,關稅的累積影響促使它們更加關注總到岸成本、庫存緩衝以及合約條款的穩定性。實驗室管理人員現在將關稅敏感性和地緣政治風險評估納入採購審查,並擴大尋求包含違約賠償條款和履約保證的長期供應協議。歸根究底,這些調整反映了在貿易政策不斷變化和試劑生產日益全球化的時代,供應鏈韌性和風險管理的重要性日益凸顯。
基於細分市場的洞察揭示了細緻的需求模式,從而指導跨酶類型、應用領域、終端用戶群、技術模式和銷售管道的產品開發和商業性優先排序。在考慮產品類型時,相關人員應評估主要酶類(例如 Pfu 和 Taq 等 DNA聚合酵素變體、連接酶、I、II 和 III 型限制性內切酶家族以及逆轉錄酶)的性能特徵,同時還應考慮套件類別的作用,這些類別涵蓋了從套件和定序套件到核酸套件和克隆試劑套件等多種類型。在套件開發中,終點法和即時法之間的差異需要不同的試劑化學性質和檢驗方案來滿足實驗室的需求。
應用主導的需求表明,克隆、DNA定序、基因表現分析、基因合成、突變檢測和PCR工作流程各自對試劑特性有不同的要求,而數位PCR和即時PCR的日益普及凸顯了對高精度和高重複性酶及試劑套件的需求。最終用戶涵蓋學術研究機構、受託研究機構(CRO)、診斷實驗室、醫院/診所和製藥/生物技術公司,其中大型製藥公司和中小企業的採購模式和規格各不相同。技術細分進一步凸顯了這種多樣性,數位PCR、凝膠電泳、微陣列、次世代定序和即時PCR各自對試劑和耗材的兼容性提出了不同的要求。
銷售管道偏好也會影響市場進入和客戶關係。直銷、分銷商夥伴關係和線上銷售管道各自對服務期望和物流的考量各不相同。這些細分維度之間的相互作用表明,成功的供應商需要提供可配置的產品系列、完善的技術文件以及靈活的商業模式,以滿足不同應用和最終用戶群的需求。
區域趨勢正顯著影響研究重點、供應鏈設計和供應商策略,美洲、歐洲、中東和非洲以及亞太地區呈現出截然不同的模式。在美洲,成熟的學術生態系統和強大的生物技術產業支撐著對先進定序試劑和高精度酵素的複雜需求。同時,北美診斷和合約研究市場強調合規性和快速反應的技術支援。而拉丁美洲的實驗室則傾向於優先考慮成本效益高的套件和穩定的供應,這迫使供應商根據不同地區調整其銷售和分銷策略。
歐洲、中東和非洲地區(EMEA)呈現多元化的格局,各司法管轄區的法規結構、報銷政策和公共研究經費差異顯著。這種多樣性促使供應商透過提供全面的監管文件、多語言技術資源和本地化的物流解決方案來應對分散的採購流程。在該地區的部分地區,基因組醫學和診斷領域的投資不斷成長,推動了對符合當地監管要求的檢驗套件的需求。
亞太地區依然是重要的成長前沿,這得益於不斷增強的研發能力、生物技術產業化以及龐大且多元化的臨床實驗室基礎。在地化生產能力和政府為加強國內生物技術生態系統而採取的積極舉措,正在重塑供應商策略,促使全球供應商和區域製造商加大產能投資並夥伴關係關係。在整個亞太地區,供應鏈韌性、監管合規的清晰度以及本地化技術支援的可用性仍然是酶製劑和套件採購商選擇供應商的關鍵決定因素。
主要企業的趨勢反映出成熟試劑生產商、專業酵素製劑生產商和新興利基供應商的多元化格局,它們各自在產品創新、檢驗和客戶參與方面採取差異化策略。領先的酵素製劑開發商持續投資於蛋白質工程和製劑化學,以增強酵素在各種樣品基質中的穩定性,並提供能夠在現有平台上實現更高檢測性能的試劑。同時,套件生產商正致力於整合最佳化酵素、檢驗的耗材和全面的通訊協定流程,以減少使用者操作差異,並加速其在受法規環境中的應用。
策略聯盟和收購仍然是拓展技術組合和地理覆蓋範圍的核心。試劑供應商和儀器製造商之間的合作至關重要,能夠確保相容性和共同檢驗的工作流程,尤其對於數位PCR和自動化樣品製備系統等新興技術而言更是如此。此外,契約製造和區域性企業正在擴展其本地化供應鏈和定製配方能力,以滿足科學研究和診斷客戶的需求。
在商業領域,企業透過附加價值服務實現差異化競爭,例如技術培訓、臨床和研究驗證支持,以及線上通訊協定庫和驗證資料集等數位化資源。這些服務層級有助於提高客戶維繫,並且往往會影響採購決策,因為實驗室在採購決策中會權衡供應商的技術能力、應對力和文件品質。
產業領導者應採取一系列切實可行的策略,使其產品系列、供應鏈和客戶參與與不斷變化的實驗室需求保持一致。首先,他們應優先投資於酵素工程和試劑配方,以生產適用於各種檢體類型和新興擴增技術的高保真度、抗抑制劑酶。這種技術重點必須輔以嚴格的驗證方案和清晰的對比數據,以促進其在研究和法規環境中的快速應用。
第二,我們將透過共同開發適用於主流定序和PCR系統的檢驗套件,擴大我們自動化平台和儀器生態系統的兼容性。我們將提供經認證的、可直接用於機器人的試劑盒和標準化的通訊協定庫,降低高通量實驗室採用這些技術的門檻。第三,我們將透過地域性生產多角化、策略性庫存緩衝以及透明地共用前置作業時間和批次間一致性訊息,增強供應鏈韌性。這些措施將有助於減輕關稅變化和地緣政治動盪對我們營運的影響。
第四,我們將透過靈活的授權模式、區域經銷夥伴和數位化訂購管道,打造滿足不同終端用戶群需求的商業模式。為客戶提供本地化的技術培訓、法規文件和按需檢驗服務,將有助於提高客戶維繫並加快銷售週期。最後,我們將選擇性地尋求夥伴關係和策略併購,以獲得利基技術能力,擴大區域製造地,並透過與儀器製造商共同檢驗試劑,確保整合的平台特定解決方案。
這些研究結果背後的依據是多源方法,該方法結合了對實驗室採購負責人和技術負責人的訪談、對同行評審文獻和行業技術簡報的二次分析,以及對已發布的監管和採購指南的綜合分析。主要研究包括與採購負責人、科研人員和產品經理交談,以了解試劑性能標準、供應鏈限制和檢驗要求等實際考慮因素。這些定性研究結果與來自最新科學文獻和製造商檢驗通訊協定的技術性能數據進行了交叉核對,以確保與當前實踐相符。
我們的次要研究包括對技術報告、白皮書和平台特定驗證材料進行系統性回顧,以梳理主要儀器系列(包括次世代定序、即時PCR和數位PCR系統)的兼容性要求。我們也研究了影響臨床和診斷環境中試劑使用的監管和品質保證文件,因為這些框架會影響供應商的文件編寫和客戶的採納行為。此外,我們也運用調查方法評估了貿易政策更新和公共採購公告,以揭示關稅和物流因素對籌資策略的影響。
在整個研究過程中,我們優先考慮對質性結論進行交叉檢驗,並根據時效性和技術相關性選擇資訊來源。這種方法兼顧了實踐者的觀點和技術檢驗證據,從而得出既能為商業性決策者提供可操作性建議,又符合現代實驗室實際情況的研究結果。
摘要,酵素工程的進步、定序和數位定量技術的成熟,以及對供應鏈韌性和法規遵循的日益重視,正在重塑酵素、套件和試劑生態系統。這些因素促使供應商開發檢驗、平台最佳化的試劑組,並提供先進的技術和物流服務,以滿足科學研究、臨床和工業實驗室的精準需求。採購團隊則透過協商更嚴格的規格、要求透明的文件以及協商能夠降低貿易中斷風險的供應條款來應對這些變化。
展望未來,相關人員應預期試劑創新與儀器生態系統將持續融合,自動化友善配方將日益受到重視,同時對可追溯性和驗證的要求也將持續提高。能夠使其產品開發、品質保證和商業管道與這些預期保持一致的組織,將更有利於支持可重複的科學研究,並掌握基因組學和診斷應用不斷擴展帶來的機會。這些結論強調了策略性供應商選擇、驗證資料投資以及積極主動的供應鏈風險管理對於業務永續營運和科學進步的重要性。
The Molecular Biology Enzymes & Kits & Reagents Market is projected to grow by USD 53.90 billion at a CAGR of 12.26% by 2032.
| KEY MARKET STATISTICS | |
|---|---|
| Base Year [2024] | USD 21.35 billion |
| Estimated Year [2025] | USD 24.01 billion |
| Forecast Year [2032] | USD 53.90 billion |
| CAGR (%) | 12.26% |
The molecular biology enzymes and kits and reagents domain is experiencing rapid evolution driven by technological innovation, shifting research priorities, and complex supply chain dynamics. Enzymes such as DNA polymerases, ligases, restriction enzymes and reverse transcriptases remain foundational to basic research, clinical diagnostics, and biomanufacturing, yet their role continues to expand as workflows integrate advanced sequencing and amplification modalities. Simultaneously, kits and reagents that streamline nucleic acid purification, PCR workflows, sequencing library preparation and cloning increase reproducibility and accelerate time to result for laboratories across sectors.
Researchers and procurement leaders are navigating a landscape where adoption of real time PCR and next generation sequencing has matured alongside the emergence of digital PCR and increasingly automated library preparation platforms. This convergence of high-throughput sequencing, sensitive amplification, and enzyme engineering amplifies demand for reagents that deliver consistent performance across diverse sample types. As a result, strategic buyers and R&D managers must evaluate vendors not only on product performance but also on quality assurance practices, supply continuity, and the availability of technical support and regulatory documentation.
In this environment, scientific teams and commercial developers are placing greater emphasis on integrated solutions that combine optimized enzymes with validated kits and end-to-end protocols. The push for reproducibility and standardization drives preference for validated reagent kits and certified enzymes, and institutions are increasingly prioritizing supplier partnerships that offer technical training, validation data, and scalable supply chains. This introduction sets the stage for deeper analysis of transformative shifts and the practical implications for stakeholders across academic, clinical, and industrial settings
Across the life sciences, a set of transformative shifts is redefining how enzymes, kits, and reagents are developed, validated, and consumed. The first major driver is precision enzyme engineering, where directed evolution and protein design enable polymerases and reverse transcriptases with higher fidelity, thermostability, and inhibitor tolerance. These improved enzymes underpin more robust PCR and sequencing workflows, extending analytical sensitivity and expanding the range of sample types that can be processed without extensive preprocessing.
Concurrently, the rollout of real time PCR and next generation sequencing platforms has matured into routine tools for both discovery and diagnostics, while digital PCR is gaining traction for absolute quantification in clinical and quality-control settings. This technological diversification creates demand for kits and reagents specifically optimized for different platforms, and it incentivizes vendors to provide validated bundles that include enzymes, buffers, primers, and controls. Alongside technological advances, there is a notable emphasis on reagent standardization and traceability to meet regulatory expectations and to support multi-center studies.
A further shift involves the interplay between automation and reagent formulation. As laboratories adopt higher-throughput automated liquid handling and integrated sample-to-answer instruments, suppliers are reformulating kits to be compatible with robotic workflows and closed systems. This improves throughput and reduces user variability, but it also raises expectations for batch consistency and long-term supply commitments. Taken together, these transformational forces are reshaping procurement criteria, vendor relationships, and laboratory workflows across academic, clinical, and industrial research environments
Policy and trade developments through 2025 have introduced new variables for laboratories and suppliers that rely on cross-border procurement of enzymes and kits. Tariff adjustments and import controls influence sourcing decisions for both base raw materials and finished reagent kits, prompting organizations to reassess supplier geographies and inventory strategies. In practice, procurement teams are balancing cost pressures against the operational risk of single-source dependencies, and many are diversifying supplier networks to mitigate exposure to tariff-driven price fluctuations.
These trade dynamics intersect with the vendor strategies of manufacturing firms that may adjust production footprints or alter distribution agreements to preserve competitiveness. Some suppliers respond by localizing manufacturing or establishing regional distribution centers to minimize tariff impacts and reduce lead times. Such shifts can improve resilience for end users but may also create transitional complexity as product formulations, regulatory documentation, or lot-to-lot equivalence are harmonized across production sites.
For research-intensive organizations and diagnostic laboratories, the cumulative effect of tariffs has been to increase attention on total landed cost, inventory buffering, and the stability of contractual terms. Laboratory managers are now more likely to include tariff sensitivity and geopolitical risk assessments in procurement reviews and to pursue longer-term supply agreements with penalty clauses and performance guarantees. Ultimately, these adaptations reflect a broader prioritization of supply chain resilience and risk management in an era of evolving trade policy and globalized reagent production
Segmentation-driven insights reveal nuanced demand patterns that inform product development and commercial prioritization across enzyme types, application areas, end-user groups, technology modalities, and sales channels. When considering product type, stakeholders must evaluate performance attributes across core enzyme classes including DNA polymerase variants such as Pfu and Taq, ligases, restriction enzyme families spanning Type I, II and III, and reverse transcriptases, while also accounting for the expanding role of kit categories that range from PCR and sequencing kits to nucleic acid purification and cloning kits. Within PCR kit development, the distinction between endpoint and real time implementations requires different reagent chemistries and validation panels to meet laboratory needs.
Application-driven demand shows that cloning, DNA sequencing, gene expression analysis, gene synthesis, mutation detection, and PCR workflows each prioritize distinct reagent characteristics, and the growing uptake of digital PCR and real time PCR highlights the necessity for enzymes and kits with high precision and reproducibility. End users span academic and research institutes, contract research organizations, diagnostic laboratories, hospitals and clinics, and pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, where large pharmaceutical organizations and small and medium enterprises have divergent procurement models and specifications. Technology segmentation further underscores this diversity, with digital PCR, gel electrophoresis, microarrays, next generation sequencing and real time PCR creating discrete compatibility requirements for reagents and consumables.
Sales channel preferences also shape market access and customer relationships, as direct sales, distributor partnerships, and online sales channels each offer different service expectations and logistical considerations. The interplay between these segmentation dimensions suggests that successful suppliers will deliver configurable product portfolios, robust technical documentation, and flexible commercial models tailored to the needs of each application and end-user cohort
Regional dynamics exert a significant influence on research priorities, supply chain design, and vendor strategy, with distinct patterns observable across the Americas, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific. In the Americas, mature academic ecosystems and a strong industrial biotech presence sustain sophisticated demand for advanced sequencing reagents and high-fidelity enzymes, while North American diagnostic and contract research markets emphasize regulatory compliance and rapid technical support. Latin American laboratories, by contrast, often prioritize cost-effective kits and supply continuity, prompting vendors to tailor commercial and distribution strategies regionally.
The Europe, Middle East & Africa region presents a heterogeneous landscape where regulatory frameworks, reimbursement policies, and public research funding vary considerably across jurisdictions. This diversity motivates suppliers to provide comprehensive regulatory dossiers, multilingual technical resources, and localized logistics solutions to address fragmented procurement processes. In parts of this region, growing investment in genomic medicine and diagnostics is increasing demand for validated kits compatible with regional regulatory expectations.
Asia-Pacific remains a critical growth frontier driven by expanding R&D capacity, biotechnology industrialization, and a large and diverse base of clinical laboratories. Local manufacturing capabilities and active government initiatives to bolster domestic biotech ecosystems are reshaping supplier strategies, encouraging both global vendors and regional manufacturers to invest in capacity and partnerships. Across all regions, resilience in supply chains, clarity in regulatory compliance, and the availability of localized technical support remain primary determinants of vendor selection for purchasers of enzymes and kits
Key company-level dynamics reflect a mix of established reagent manufacturers, specialized enzyme producers, and emerging niche suppliers, each pursuing differentiated strategies in product innovation, validation, and customer engagement. Leading enzyme developers continue to invest in protein engineering and formulation chemistry to enhance enzyme robustness across variable sample matrices and to deliver reagents that drive higher assay performance on established platforms. In parallel, kit manufacturers are focusing on integrated workflows that bundle optimized enzymes with validated consumables and comprehensive protocols to reduce user variability and accelerate adoption in regulated environments.
Strategic partnerships and acquisitions remain central to extending technology portfolios and geographic reach. Collaborations between reagent suppliers and instrument manufacturers are particularly important for ensuring compatibility and co-validated workflows, especially for newer modalities such as digital PCR and automated library preparation systems. Additionally, contract manufacturers and regional players are expanding capacity to provide localized supply and to support custom formulation needs for both research and diagnostic customers.
Commercially, firms differentiate through value-added services including technical training, validation support for clinical and research studies, and digital resources such as online protocol repositories and validation datasets. These service layers strengthen customer retention and often influence procurement decisions as laboratories weigh technical performance alongside vendor responsiveness and documentation quality
Industry leaders should pursue a set of actionable strategies to align product portfolios, supply chains, and customer engagement with evolving laboratory demands. First, prioritize investments in enzyme engineering and reagent formulation to produce high-fidelity, inhibitor-resistant enzymes suitable for diverse sample types and emerging amplification technologies. This technical focus should be complemented by rigorous validation packages and clear comparability data to facilitate rapid adoption in both research and regulated contexts.
Second, expand compatibility across automated platforms and instrument ecosystems by co-developing validated kits for major sequencing and PCR systems. Providing certified, robot-ready formulations and standardized protocol libraries will reduce adoption friction for high-throughput laboratories. Third, strengthen supply chain resilience through geographic diversification of production, strategic inventory buffering, and transparent communication about lead times and lot-to-lot consistency. Such measures will mitigate the operational impact of tariff changes and geopolitical disruptions.
Fourth, tailor commercial models to the needs of different end-user segments by offering flexible licensing, regional distribution partnerships, and digital ordering channels. Supporting customers with localized technical training, regulatory documentation, and on-demand validation services improves retention and accelerates sales cycles. Finally, invest in partnerships and strategic M&A selectively to acquire niche capabilities, expand regional manufacturing footprints, and co-validate reagents with instrument manufacturers to secure integrated, platform-specific solutions
The research behind these insights integrates a multi-source methodology combining primary interviews with laboratory buyers and technical leaders, secondary analysis of peer-reviewed literature and industry technical briefs, and synthesis of public regulatory and procurement guidance. Primary engagement focused on procurement managers, research scientists, and product managers to capture real-world considerations such as reagent performance criteria, supply chain constraints, and validation expectations. These qualitative inputs were triangulated with technical performance data reported in recent scientific publications and manufacturer validation protocols to ensure alignment with current practice.
Secondary investigation included systematic review of technical notes, whitepapers, and platform-specific validation materials to map compatibility requirements across major instrument families including next generation sequencing, real time PCR and digital PCR systems. Attention was given to regulatory and quality assurance documents that influence reagent use in clinical and diagnostic settings, as these frameworks shape supplier documentation and customer adoption behavior. The methodology also examined trade policy updates and public procurement notices to assess how tariff and logistics considerations influence sourcing strategies.
Throughout the research process, emphasis was placed on cross-validation of qualitative claims, and sources were prioritized for recentness and technical relevance. The approach balances practitioner perspectives with technical validation evidence to produce insights that are both actionable for commercial decision-makers and grounded in contemporary laboratory realities
In summary, the enzymes and kits and reagents ecosystem is being reshaped by advances in enzyme engineering, the maturation of sequencing and digital quantification technologies, and an increased premium on supply chain resilience and regulatory readiness. These forces are encouraging suppliers to develop validated, platform-optimized reagent kits and to offer enhanced technical and logistical services that meet the precise needs of research, clinical, and industrial laboratories. Procurement teams are responding by tightening specifications, seeking transparent documentation, and negotiating supply terms that reduce vulnerability to trade disruptions.
Looking ahead, stakeholders should expect continued convergence between reagent innovation and instrument ecosystems, greater emphasis on automation-compatible formulations, and elevated expectations for traceability and validation. Organizations that align product development, quality assurance, and commercial channels with these expectations will be better positioned to support reproducible science and to capture opportunities arising from expanding genomic and diagnostic applications. The conclusions reinforce the importance of strategic supplier selection, investment in validation data, and proactive supply chain risk management as foundations for operational continuity and scientific progress