封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1791610

全球胞嘧啶市場

Cytosine

出版日期: | 出版商: Global Industry Analysts, Inc. | 英文 186 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

預計到 2030 年全球胞嘧啶市場規模將達到 5.953 億美元

全球胞嘧啶市場規模預計在2024年為3.626億美元,到2030年將達到5.953億美元,在2024-2030年的分析期間內,複合年成長率為8.6%。醫藥終端用途是本報告分析的細分市場之一,預計其複合年成長率為9.8%,到分析期結束時將達到3.013億美元。農業終端用途細分市場在分析期間的複合年成長率預計為8.2%。

美國市場規模估計為 9,880 萬美元,中國市場預計複合年成長率為 13.6%

美國胞嘧啶市場規模預計在2024年達到9,880萬美元。作為世界第二大經濟體,中國預計到2030年市場規模將達到1.307億美元,在2024-2030年的分析期間內,複合年成長率為13.6%。其他值得關注的區域市場包括日本和加拿大,預計在分析期間內,這兩個市場的複合年成長率分別為4.3%和8.3%。在歐洲,預計德國市場的複合年成長率為5.8%。

全球胞嘧啶市場-主要趨勢與市場促進因素摘要

為什麼胞嘧啶在生物技術和醫學中變得越來越重要?

胞嘧啶是一種含氮鹼基,是DNA和RNA的重要組成部分,在基因研究、藥物開發和生物技術應用中發揮重要作用。它是用於配製抗病毒和抗癌藥物的核苷類似物的主要前體。隨著基因治療、個人化醫療和分子診斷領域日益成長的關注,藥物開發和基因工程領域對胞嘧啶類化合物的需求也隨之成長。

合成生物學和基於 CRISPR 的基因組編輯技術的興起進一步拓展了胞嘧啶的用途。科學家正在利用胞嘧啶修飾來開發針對遺傳疾病、自體免疫疾病和癌症標靶治療的先進療法。此外,胞嘧啶衍生物也正在被研究用於新型 RNA 疫苗,促進了疫苗技術的進步。

胞嘧啶研究的最新技術進展有哪些?

胞嘧啶相關研究領域最重要的進展之一是 CRISPR-Cas9 和鹼基編輯技術的開發。胞嘧啶鹼基編輯器 (CBE) 透過將胞嘧啶轉化為胸腺嘧啶,實現了精準的基因修飾,為糾正基因突變提供了一種突破性的方法。這些技術進步徹底改變了基因醫學,為針對遺傳和罕見遺傳疾病的標靶治療方法鋪平了道路。

另一項重大進展是用於抗病毒和免疫治療的胞嘧啶類似物的合成。藥物研究人員正在對胞嘧啶分子進行改造,以提高藥物穩定性、生物有效性和對抗抗藥性病毒的療效。人工智慧驅動的藥物研發平台也正在加速基於胞嘧啶的化合物篩檢,從而簡化下一代核苷療法的開發。

市場趨勢和監管指南如何影響胞嘧啶的採用?

市場趨勢表明,人們對核酸療法的興趣日益濃厚,推動了對高純度胞嘧啶衍生物的需求。 RNA療法的快速發展,尤其是mRNA疫苗的成功,進一步凸顯了胞嘧啶在生物醫學創新中的作用。此外,基因研究和精準醫療計畫資金的增加,正在加速胞嘧啶技術在藥物研發上的應用。

美國食品藥物管理局 (FDA) 和歐洲藥品管理局 (EMA) 等監管機構密切監控核酸治療方法,以確保其安全性和有效性。嚴格的品管和對良好生產規範 (GMP) 的嚴格遵守,促使胞嘧啶製造商投資高純度生產流程。此外,圍繞基因編輯和合成生物學的倫理考量正在塑造監管格局並影響市場發展。

推動胞嘧啶市場成長的因素是什麼?

胞嘧啶市場的成長得益於基因治療、分子診斷和抗病毒藥物研發領域的拓展。遺感測染疾病的日益普及推動了對胞嘧啶類藥物的需求,尤其是在腫瘤學和病毒學領域。

擴大終端應用也是關鍵因素,胞嘧啶廣泛應用於生物技術研究、法醫學和農業基因組學。基於DNA的資料儲存技術的興起也促進了市場擴張,研究人員正在探索胞嘧啶在高密度資訊儲存方面的潛力。此外,生物技術公司、製藥公司和學術機構之間的合作正在推動藥物研發和基因工程領域胞嘧啶相關的創新。隨著基因組學和精準醫療的進步,胞嘧啶市場預計將持續成長,並塑造基因研究和治療發展的未來。

部分

最終用戶(醫藥最終用戶、農業最終用戶、化學最終用戶、其他最終用戶)

受訪公司範例

  • Acros Organics
  • AK Scientific, Inc.
  • Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher Scientific
  • Apollo Scientific Ltd.
  • BOC Sciences
  • Carbosynth Ltd.
  • Central Drug House(CDH)
  • Chem-Impex International, Inc.
  • FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation
  • GLPBIO Technology LLC
  • KANTO CHEMICAL CO., INC.
  • LGC Standards
  • MedChemExpress
  • MilliporeSigma
  • Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.
  • Selleck Chemicals
  • SIELC Technologies
  • Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corp.
  • Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
  • Toronto Research Chemicals

人工智慧整合

全球產業分析師正在利用可操作的專家內容和人工智慧工具改變市場和競爭情報。

Global Industry Analysts 沒有遵循典型的 LLM 或特定於行業的 SLM查詢,而是建立了一個從世界各地的專家收集的內容庫,其中包括影片錄像、BLOG、搜尋引擎研究以及大量的公司、產品/服務和市場數據。

關稅影響係數

全球產業分析師根據公司總部所在國家、製造地和進出口(成品和原始設備製造商)情況預測其競爭地位的變化。這種複雜而多面的市場動態預計將以多種方式影響競爭對手,包括銷貨成本(COGS) 上升、盈利下降、供應鏈重組以及其他微觀和宏觀市場動態。

目錄

第1章調查方法

第2章執行摘要

  • 市場概覽
  • 主要企業
  • 市場趨勢和促進因素
  • 全球市場展望

第3章市場分析

  • 美國
  • 加拿大
  • 日本
  • 中國
  • 歐洲
  • 法國
  • 德國
  • 義大利
  • 英國
  • 西班牙
  • 俄羅斯
  • 其他歐洲國家
  • 亞太地區
  • 澳洲
  • 印度
  • 韓國
  • 其他亞太地區
  • 拉丁美洲
  • 阿根廷
  • 巴西
  • 墨西哥
  • 其他拉丁美洲
  • 中東
  • 伊朗
  • 以色列
  • 沙烏地阿拉伯
  • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
  • 其他中東地區
  • 非洲

第4章 比賽

簡介目錄
Product Code: MCP30343

Global Cytosine Market to Reach US$595.3 Million by 2030

The global market for Cytosine estimated at US$362.6 Million in the year 2024, is expected to reach US$595.3 Million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 8.6% over the analysis period 2024-2030. Pharmaceutical End-Use, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is expected to record a 9.8% CAGR and reach US$301.3 Million by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Agriculture End-Use segment is estimated at 8.2% CAGR over the analysis period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at US$98.8 Million While China is Forecast to Grow at 13.6% CAGR

The Cytosine market in the U.S. is estimated at US$98.8 Million in the year 2024. China, the world's second largest economy, is forecast to reach a projected market size of US$130.7 Million by the year 2030 trailing a CAGR of 13.6% over the analysis period 2024-2030. Among the other noteworthy geographic markets are Japan and Canada, each forecast to grow at a CAGR of 4.3% and 8.3% respectively over the analysis period. Within Europe, Germany is forecast to grow at approximately 5.8% CAGR.

Global Cytosine Market - Key Trends & Growth Drivers Summarized

Why Is Cytosine Gaining Significance in Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals?

Cytosine, a nitrogenous base and an essential component of DNA and RNA, plays a vital role in genetic research, pharmaceutical development, and biotechnology applications. It serves as a key precursor in nucleoside analogs used for antiviral and anticancer drug formulations. The increasing focus on gene therapy, personalized medicine, and molecular diagnostics has elevated the demand for cytosine-based compounds in drug development and genetic engineering.

The rise of synthetic biology and CRISPR-based genome editing has further expanded cytosine’s applications. Scientists are leveraging cytosine modifications to develop advanced therapeutics for genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and targeted cancer treatments. Additionally, cytosine derivatives are being explored for novel RNA-based vaccines, contributing to advancements in vaccine technology.

What Are the Latest Technological Advancements in Cytosine Research?

One of the most significant advancements in cytosine-related research is the development of CRISPR-Cas9 and base editing technologies. Cytosine base editors (CBEs) enable precise genetic modifications by converting cytosine to thymine, offering a groundbreaking approach to correcting genetic mutations. These innovations have revolutionized genetic medicine, paving the way for therapies targeting inherited diseases and rare genetic disorders.

Another key development is the synthesis of cytosine analogs for antiviral and immunotherapy applications. Pharmaceutical researchers are engineering modified cytosine molecules to enhance drug stability, bioavailability, and efficacy against drug-resistant viruses. AI-driven drug discovery platforms are also accelerating cytosine-based compound screening, streamlining the development of next-generation nucleoside therapeutics.

How Are Market Trends and Regulatory Guidelines Influencing Cytosine Adoption?

Market trends indicate a growing interest in nucleic acid-based therapies, driving the demand for high-purity cytosine derivatives. The rapid advancements in RNA therapeutics, particularly with the success of mRNA vaccines, have further highlighted cytosine’s role in biomedical innovation. Additionally, increased funding for genetic research and precision medicine initiatives is accelerating the adoption of cytosine-based technologies in pharmaceutical R&D.

Regulatory agencies, including the U.S. FDA and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), are closely monitoring nucleic acid-based therapies to ensure safety and efficacy. Compliance with stringent quality control and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines has encouraged cytosine manufacturers to invest in high-purity production processes. Additionally, ethical considerations surrounding gene editing and synthetic biology are shaping the regulatory landscape, influencing market development.

What Is Driving the Growth of the Cytosine Market?

The growth in the cytosine market is driven by the expanding fields of gene therapy, molecular diagnostics, and antiviral drug development. The increasing prevalence of genetic diseases and infectious disorders has fueled the need for cytosine-based therapeutics, particularly in oncology and virology.

End-use expansion is another critical factor, with cytosine being widely utilized in biotechnology research, forensic science, and agricultural genomics. The emergence of DNA-based data storage technologies is also contributing to market expansion, as researchers explore cytosine’s potential in high-density information storage. Additionally, collaborations between biotech firms, pharmaceutical companies, and academic institutions are fostering innovation in cytosine-related drug discovery and genetic engineering. As advancements in genomics and precision medicine continue, the cytosine market is expected to experience sustained growth, shaping the future of genetic research and therapeutic development.

SCOPE OF STUDY:

The report analyzes the Cytosine market in terms of units by the following Segments, and Geographic Regions/Countries:

Segments:

End-Use (Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use, Other End-Uses)

Geographic Regions/Countries:

World; United States; Canada; Japan; China; Europe (France; Germany; Italy; United Kingdom; Spain; Russia; and Rest of Europe); Asia-Pacific (Australia; India; South Korea; and Rest of Asia-Pacific); Latin America (Argentina; Brazil; Mexico; and Rest of Latin America); Middle East (Iran; Israel; Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates; and Rest of Middle East); and Africa.

Select Competitors (Total 42 Featured) -

  • Acros Organics
  • AK Scientific, Inc.
  • Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher Scientific
  • Apollo Scientific Ltd.
  • BOC Sciences
  • Carbosynth Ltd.
  • Central Drug House (CDH)
  • Chem-Impex International, Inc.
  • FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation
  • GLPBIO Technology LLC
  • KANTO CHEMICAL CO., INC.
  • LGC Standards
  • MedChemExpress
  • MilliporeSigma
  • Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.
  • Selleck Chemicals
  • SIELC Technologies
  • Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corp.
  • Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
  • Toronto Research Chemicals

AI INTEGRATIONS

We're transforming market and competitive intelligence with validated expert content and AI tools.

Instead of following the general norm of querying LLMs and Industry-specific SLMs, we built repositories of content curated from domain experts worldwide including video transcripts, blogs, search engines research, and massive amounts of enterprise, product/service, and market data.

TARIFF IMPACT FACTOR

Our new release incorporates impact of tariffs on geographical markets as we predict a shift in competitiveness of companies based on HQ country, manufacturing base, exports and imports (finished goods and OEM). This intricate and multifaceted market reality will impact competitors by increasing the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), reducing profitability, reconfiguring supply chains, amongst other micro and macro market dynamics.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. METHODOLOGY

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1. MARKET OVERVIEW
    • Influencer Market Insights
    • Tariff Impact on Global Supply Chain Patterns
    • Cytosine - Global Key Competitors Percentage Market Share in 2025 (E)
    • Competitive Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial for Players Worldwide in 2025 (E)
  • 2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS
  • 3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS
    • Growing Demand for Cytosine as a Key Building Block in Nucleic Acid Synthesis
    • Expansion of mRNA and DNA-Based Therapeutics Driving Raw Material Usage
    • Increased Application in Cancer Research and Antiviral Drug Development
    • Rising Use in Genetic Engineering and Synthetic Biology Accelerating Demand
    • Emergence of Gene Editing Tools Requiring Nucleotide Supply Chain Security
    • Technological Advances in High-Purity Cytosine Manufacturing Enhancing Availability
    • Use in Academic and Industrial Research Supporting Consumable Growth
    • Integration in CRISPR-Related Processes Fueling Market Opportunities
    • Growth in Personalized and Precision Medicine Expanding Nucleic Acid Needs
    • Rising Demand for Stable Cytosine Derivatives in Pharmaceutical Formulations
    • Expansion of Biotech Startups and CDMOs Driving Bulk Procurement
    • Growing Role in Oligonucleotide Synthesis for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Uses
    • Increased Investment in RNA-Based Vaccines and Drug Pipelines Boosting Demand
    • Use in Agricultural Genomics and Seed Trait Engineering Supporting Diversification
    • Supply Chain Localization Initiatives Supporting Cytosine Production Expansion
  • 4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE
    • TABLE 1: World Cytosine Market Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2030
    • TABLE 2: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 3: World Historic Review for Cytosine by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 4: World 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 5: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Pharmaceutical End-Use by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 6: World Historic Review for Pharmaceutical End-Use by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 7: World 15-Year Perspective for Pharmaceutical End-Use by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 8: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Agriculture End-Use by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 9: World Historic Review for Agriculture End-Use by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 10: World 15-Year Perspective for Agriculture End-Use by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 11: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Chemical Industry End-Use by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 12: World Historic Review for Chemical Industry End-Use by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 13: World 15-Year Perspective for Chemical Industry End-Use by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 14: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Other End-Uses by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 15: World Historic Review for Other End-Uses by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 16: World 15-Year Perspective for Other End-Uses by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030

III. MARKET ANALYSIS

  • UNITED STATES
    • Cytosine Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United States for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 17: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 18: USA Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 19: USA 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • CANADA
    • TABLE 20: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 21: Canada Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 22: Canada 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • JAPAN
    • Cytosine Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Japan for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 23: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 24: Japan Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 25: Japan 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • CHINA
    • Cytosine Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in China for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 26: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 27: China Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 28: China 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • EUROPE
    • Cytosine Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Europe for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 29: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 30: Europe Historic Review for Cytosine by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 31: Europe 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 32: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 33: Europe Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 34: Europe 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • FRANCE
    • Cytosine Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in France for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 35: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 36: France Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 37: France 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • GERMANY
    • Cytosine Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Germany for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 38: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 39: Germany Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 40: Germany 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • ITALY
    • TABLE 41: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 42: Italy Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 43: Italy 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • UNITED KINGDOM
    • Cytosine Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United Kingdom for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 44: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 45: UK Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 46: UK 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • SPAIN
    • TABLE 47: Spain Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 48: Spain Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 49: Spain 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • RUSSIA
    • TABLE 50: Russia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 51: Russia Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 52: Russia 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF EUROPE
    • TABLE 53: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 54: Rest of Europe Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 55: Rest of Europe 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • ASIA-PACIFIC
    • Cytosine Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Asia-Pacific for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 56: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by Geographic Region - Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 57: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Cytosine by Geographic Region - Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 58: Asia-Pacific 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 59: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 60: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 61: Asia-Pacific 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • AUSTRALIA
    • Cytosine Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Australia for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 62: Australia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 63: Australia Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 64: Australia 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • INDIA
    • Cytosine Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in India for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 65: India Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 66: India Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 67: India 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • SOUTH KOREA
    • TABLE 68: South Korea Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 69: South Korea Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 70: South Korea 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC
    • TABLE 71: Rest of Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 72: Rest of Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 73: Rest of Asia-Pacific 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • LATIN AMERICA
    • Cytosine Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Latin America for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 74: Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by Geographic Region - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 75: Latin America Historic Review for Cytosine by Geographic Region - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 76: Latin America 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 77: Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 78: Latin America Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 79: Latin America 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • ARGENTINA
    • TABLE 80: Argentina Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 81: Argentina Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 82: Argentina 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • BRAZIL
    • TABLE 83: Brazil Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 84: Brazil Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 85: Brazil 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • MEXICO
    • TABLE 86: Mexico Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 87: Mexico Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 88: Mexico 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF LATIN AMERICA
    • TABLE 89: Rest of Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 90: Rest of Latin America Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 91: Rest of Latin America 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • MIDDLE EAST
    • Cytosine Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Middle East for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 92: Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by Geographic Region - Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 93: Middle East Historic Review for Cytosine by Geographic Region - Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 94: Middle East 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 95: Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 96: Middle East Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 97: Middle East 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • IRAN
    • TABLE 98: Iran Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 99: Iran Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 100: Iran 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • ISRAEL
    • TABLE 101: Israel Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 102: Israel Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 103: Israel 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • SAUDI ARABIA
    • TABLE 104: Saudi Arabia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 105: Saudi Arabia Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 106: Saudi Arabia 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
    • TABLE 107: UAE Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 108: UAE Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 109: UAE 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF MIDDLE EAST
    • TABLE 110: Rest of Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 111: Rest of Middle East Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 112: Rest of Middle East 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • AFRICA
    • Cytosine Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Africa for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 113: Africa Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 114: Africa Historic Review for Cytosine by End-Use - Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 115: Africa 15-Year Perspective for Cytosine by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pharmaceutical End-Use, Agriculture End-Use, Chemical Industry End-Use and Other End-Uses for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030

IV. COMPETITION