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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1758175

馬來酸二辛酯(DOM)的全球市場

Dioctyl Maleate (DOM)

出版日期: | 出版商: Global Industry Analysts, Inc. | 英文 180 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

預計到 2030 年全球馬來酸二辛酯 (DOM) 市場規模將達到 3.708 億美元

全球馬來酸二辛酯 (DOM) 市場規模預計在 2024 年為 3.057 億美元,到 2030 年將達到 3.708 億美元,2024 年至 2030 年的複合年成長率為 3.3%。界面活性劑應用是本報告分析的細分市場之一,預計其複合年成長率為 4.5%,到分析期結束時規模將達到 1.531 億美元。黏合劑應用細分市場在分析期間的複合年成長率預計為 1.9%。

美國市場規模估計為 8,330 萬美元,中國市場預計複合年成長率為 6.4%

預計到2024年,美國馬來酸二辛酯 (DOM) 市場規模將達到8,330萬美元。預計到2030年,作為世界第二大經濟體的中國市場規模將達到7,440萬美元,在2024-2030年的分析期內,複合年成長率為6.4%。其他值得關注的區域市場包括日本和加拿大,預計在分析期間內,這兩個市場的複合年成長率分別為1.2%和2.6%。在歐洲,預計德國市場的複合年成長率為1.9%。

全球馬來酸二辛酯 (DOM) 市場—主要趨勢與促進因素摘要

為什麼馬來酸二辛酯是一種有價值的工業中間體?

馬來酸二辛酯 (DOM) 是一種用途廣泛的化學中間體,廣泛用於製造界面活性劑、塑化劑、黏合劑、被覆劑和紡織品。從結構上講,它是一種由順丁烯二酸酐和2-乙基己醇衍生的酯,並且與多種樹脂和聚合物具有高度的相容性,使其成為水性和溶劑型配方中的寶貴成分。對高性能乳化劑和分散劑的需求日益成長,顯著提升了 DOM 在多種工業製程中的重要性,尤其是在表面張力控制至關重要的領域。

在被覆劑和黏合劑產業,DOM 可用作反應性塑化劑和內改質劑,提高產品的柔韌性、耐久性和抗裂性。 DOM 的低揮發性和優異的成膜性能使其非常適合需要在波動環境條件下保持長期性能的配方。此外,DOM 在乳液聚合中的效用,尤其是在醋酸乙烯酯基系統中,使其成為塗料、建築化學品和壓敏黏著劑中的效用成分。

哪些技術趨勢會增加 DOM 的適用性?

聚合物化學和界面活性劑設計技術的進步為DOM的整合開闢了新的途徑。最顯著的趨勢之一是被覆劑和黏合劑向水性系統的轉變,其中DOM用於增強丙烯酸、乙烯基和苯乙烯乳化的性能。 DOM作為乳液聚合中的反應性共聚單體,可提高顆粒穩定性、流變控制和薄膜彈性,這些對於優質建築和工業塗料至關重要。

在紡織和造紙產業,黏合劑化學領域的創新使DOM提高了塗料印花漿的柔韌性、耐洗性和黏合強度。低VOC、環保產品線的開發進一步提高了人們對DOM的興趣,使其成為傳統高溶劑添加劑的更永續的替代品。此外,在界面活性劑合成中,DOM用於生產磺化琥珀酸酯界面活性劑,這種界面活性劑在化妝品、個人護理和清潔產品中使用的溫和、生物分解性配方中備受青睞。

哪些終端產業推動了對馬來酸二辛酯的需求?

多個終端產業正在推動DOM市場的成長。在建築領域,DOM改性黏合劑和密封劑用於地板材料、防水和結構黏合應用,這些應用對彈性和耐環境性至關重要。在油漆和塗料領域,由於DOM與多種樹脂相容,因此可用於需要高抗紫外線和柔韌性的內外牆塗料。

個人護理和家居用品行業也是DOM日益成長的消費群體,因為它有助於生產用於洗髮精、沐浴露和清洗產品的溫和有效的表面活性劑。此外,紡織和造紙業也使用基於DOM的黏合劑來滿足性能和環保合規性目標。在塑膠領域,DOM被用作特種塑化劑合成的共聚單體,用於提高汽車和消費品應用中PVC等聚合物的柔韌性和加工性能。

是什麼推動了全球 DOM 市場的擴張?

馬來酸二辛酯市場的成長受到多種因素的推動,例如被覆劑、黏合劑和紡織品中水性環保聚合物體系的日益普及。全球向低VOC和無害配方的轉變,推動了對DOM作為乳液聚合過程中性能增強劑的需求。此外,建築化學品和密封膠中反應性塑化劑和內改質劑的使用日益增多,也促進了其消費量的持續成長。

個人和居家護理應用中溫和且生物分解性的表面活性劑的使用日益增多,也推動了對DOM衍生磺化琥珀酸鹽的需求。聚合物合成技術的進步,以及汽車、包裝和電子產業對功能性塗料的日益重視,進一步為DOM的整合鋪平了道路。最後,建設活動、基礎設施維修和工業製造的成長,尤其是在新興市場,正在推動DOM在性能驅動和永續化學配方中的應用不斷擴大。

部分

應用(界面活性劑、黏合劑、被覆劑和其他應用)

受訪公司範例(值得關注的36家公司)

  • ABCR GmbH & Co. KG
  • Acros Organics USA
  • Alfa Aesar
  • Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology
  • APL(India)
  • Arkema SA
  • BASF SE
  • Celanese Corporation
  • ChemCeed
  • Daihachi Chemical Co., Ltd.
  • Eastman Chemical Company
  • ESIM Chemicals
  • ExxonMobil Chemical Company
  • Grupa Azoty SA
  • Hallstar
  • Hanwha Chemical Corporation
  • Indo-Nippon Chemical Co., Ltd.
  • Jiangsu Jiafeng Chemical Co., Ltd.
  • Kuraray Co., Ltd.
  • LG Chem Ltd.

人工智慧整合

我們正在利用可操作的專家內容和人工智慧工具來改變市場和競爭情報。

Global 特定產業SLM 的典型規範,而是建立了一個從全球專家收集的內容庫,其中包括視訊錄影、部落格、搜尋引擎研究以及大量的公司、產品/服務和市場數據。

關稅影響係數

全球產業分析師根據公司總部所在國家、製造地、進出口狀況(成品和原始OEM)預測其競爭態勢的變化。這種複雜且多面向的市場動態預計將以多種方式影響競爭對手,包括銷貨成本成本 (COGS) 上升、盈利下降、供應鏈重組以及其他微觀和宏觀市場動態。

目錄

第1章調查方法

第2章執行摘要

  • 市場概覽
  • 主要企業
  • 市場趨勢和促進因素
  • 全球市場展望

第3章市場分析

  • 美國
  • 加拿大
  • 日本
  • 中國
  • 歐洲
  • 法國
  • 德國
  • 義大利
  • 英國
  • 西班牙
  • 俄羅斯
  • 其他歐洲國家
  • 亞太地區
  • 澳洲
  • 印度
  • 韓國
  • 其他亞太地區
  • 拉丁美洲
  • 阿根廷
  • 巴西
  • 墨西哥
  • 其他拉丁美洲
  • 中東
  • 伊朗
  • 以色列
  • 沙烏地阿拉伯
  • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
  • 其他中東地區
  • 非洲

第4章 競賽

簡介目錄
Product Code: MCP36726

Global Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market to Reach US$370.8 Million by 2030

The global market for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) estimated at US$305.7 Million in the year 2024, is expected to reach US$370.8 Million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 3.3% over the analysis period 2024-2030. Surfactant Application, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is expected to record a 4.5% CAGR and reach US$153.1 Million by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Adhesives Application segment is estimated at 1.9% CAGR over the analysis period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at US$83.3 Million While China is Forecast to Grow at 6.4% CAGR

The Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) market in the U.S. is estimated at US$83.3 Million in the year 2024. China, the world's second largest economy, is forecast to reach a projected market size of US$74.4 Million by the year 2030 trailing a CAGR of 6.4% over the analysis period 2024-2030. Among the other noteworthy geographic markets are Japan and Canada, each forecast to grow at a CAGR of 1.2% and 2.6% respectively over the analysis period. Within Europe, Germany is forecast to grow at approximately 1.9% CAGR.

Global Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market - Key Trends & Drivers Summarized

What Makes Dioctyl Maleate a Valuable Industrial Intermediate?

Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) is a versatile chemical intermediate widely used in the manufacture of surfactants, plasticizers, adhesives, coatings, and textiles. Structurally, it is an ester derived from maleic anhydride and 2-ethylhexanol, and its high compatibility with a range of resins and polymers makes it valuable in both water-based and solvent-based formulations. The growing demand for high-performance emulsifiers and dispersing agents has significantly elevated the importance of DOM in several industrial processes, especially where surface tension modification is critical.

In coatings and adhesive industries, DOM serves as a reactive plasticizer and internal modifier, enhancing product flexibility, durability, and resistance to cracking. Its low volatility and good film-forming characteristics make it suitable for formulations requiring long-lasting performance under fluctuating environmental conditions. Additionally, DOM's utility in emulsion polymerization-particularly in vinyl acetate-based systems-has positioned it as an indispensable component in paints, construction chemicals, and pressure-sensitive adhesives.

Which Technological Trends Are Enhancing the Application Potential of DOM?

Technological advancements in polymer chemistry and surfactant design are opening new avenues for DOM integration. One of the most notable trends is the shift toward waterborne systems in coatings and adhesives, where DOM is used to enhance the performance of acrylic, vinyl, and styrene-based emulsions. Its function as a reactive co-monomer in emulsion polymerization allows for improved particle stability, rheological control, and film elasticity-all of which are critical for high-end architectural and industrial coatings.

In the textile and paper industries, innovations in binder chemistry are incorporating DOM to improve softness, wash durability, and binding strength of pigment printing pastes. The development of low-VOC and environmentally friendly product lines has further increased interest in DOM as a more sustainable alternative to traditional high-solvent additives. Additionally, in surfactant synthesis, DOM is used to generate sulfosuccinate surfactants, which are preferred in mild, biodegradable formulations used in cosmetics, personal care, and cleaning products.

Which End-Use Industries Are Driving Demand for Dioctyl Maleate?

Several end-use industries are contributing to the growth of the DOM market. The construction sector uses DOM-modified adhesives and sealants in flooring, waterproofing, and structural bonding applications, where elasticity and environmental resistance are essential. In the paints and coatings segment, DOM’s compatibility with a variety of resins supports its use in interior and exterior coatings, including those requiring high UV resistance and flexibility.

The personal care and household products industry is also a rising consumer of DOM, due to its role in producing gentle, effective surfactants for shampoos, body washes, and cleaning agents. Additionally, the textile and paper industries utilize DOM-based binders to meet performance and environmental compliance goals. The plastics sector further employs DOM as a co-monomer in the synthesis of specialty plasticizers that enhance the flexibility and workability of polymers like PVC in automotive and consumer product applications.

What Is Fueling the Expansion of the Global DOM Market?

The growth in the dioctyl maleate market is driven by several factors, including the increasing adoption of waterborne and eco-friendly polymer systems in coatings, adhesives, and textiles. The global shift toward low-VOC, non-toxic formulations is amplifying the demand for DOM as a performance enhancer in emulsion polymerization processes. Additionally, the rising use of reactive plasticizers and internal modifiers in construction chemicals and sealants is contributing to consistent consumption growth.

The expanding use of mild and biodegradable surfactants in personal care and home care applications is also driving demand for DOM-derived sulfosuccinates. Advances in polymer synthesis technologies, combined with the growing emphasis on functional coatings in automotive, packaging, and electronics sectors, are creating further avenues for DOM integration. Lastly, growth in construction activity, infrastructure refurbishment, and industrial manufacturing-particularly in emerging markets-is fostering increased utilization of DOM in performance-driven, sustainable chemical formulations.

SCOPE OF STUDY:

The report analyzes the Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) market in terms of units by the following Segments, and Geographic Regions/Countries:

Segments:

Application (Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application, Other Applications)

Geographic Regions/Countries:

World; United States; Canada; Japan; China; Europe (France; Germany; Italy; United Kingdom; Spain; Russia; and Rest of Europe); Asia-Pacific (Australia; India; South Korea; and Rest of Asia-Pacific); Latin America (Argentina; Brazil; Mexico; and Rest of Latin America); Middle East (Iran; Israel; Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates; and Rest of Middle East); and Africa.

Select Competitors (Total 36 Featured) -

  • ABCR GmbH & Co. KG
  • Acros Organics USA
  • Alfa Aesar
  • Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology
  • APL (India)
  • Arkema S.A.
  • BASF SE
  • Celanese Corporation
  • ChemCeed
  • Daihachi Chemical Co., Ltd.
  • Eastman Chemical Company
  • ESIM Chemicals
  • ExxonMobil Chemical Company
  • Grupa Azoty S.A.
  • Hallstar
  • Hanwha Chemical Corporation
  • Indo-Nippon Chemical Co., Ltd.
  • Jiangsu Jiafeng Chemical Co., Ltd.
  • Kuraray Co., Ltd.
  • LG Chem Ltd.

AI INTEGRATIONS

We're transforming market and competitive intelligence with validated expert content and AI tools.

Instead of following the general norm of querying LLMs and Industry-specific SLMs, we built repositories of content curated from domain experts worldwide including video transcripts, blogs, search engines research, and massive amounts of enterprise, product/service, and market data.

TARIFF IMPACT FACTOR

Our new release incorporates impact of tariffs on geographical markets as we predict a shift in competitiveness of companies based on HQ country, manufacturing base, exports and imports (finished goods and OEM). This intricate and multifaceted market reality will impact competitors by increasing the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), reducing profitability, reconfiguring supply chains, amongst other micro and macro market dynamics.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. METHODOLOGY

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1. MARKET OVERVIEW
    • Influencer Market Insights
    • World Market Trajectories
    • Tariff Impact on Global Supply Chain Patterns
    • Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) - Global Key Competitors Percentage Market Share in 2025 (E)
    • Competitive Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial for Players Worldwide in 2025 (E)
  • 2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS
  • 3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS
    • Rising Demand for Specialty Plasticizers Propels Growth in Dioctyl Maleate Consumption
    • Use in Emulsion Paints and Adhesives Throws Spotlight on DOMs Versatility as a Co-Monomer
    • OEM Investment in High-Performance Water-Based Coatings Strengthens Industrial Applications
    • Expansion of Construction and Automotive Industries Fuels Adhesive and Sealant Markets Using DOM
    • Growth in Flexible Packaging and Vinyl Flooring Drives Need for DOM-Based Plasticizing Agents
    • OEM Development of Eco-Friendly Coatings Encourages DOM Use in Low-VOC Formulations
    • Shift Toward Water-Borne and Non-Phthalate Plasticizers Supports Market Substitution Dynamics
    • Rising Demand for Textile Printing Inks Promotes DOM Use in Soft Polymer Binders
    • Emerging Use in Pressure Sensitive Adhesives Expands Functional Coating Applications
    • OEM Innovations in Copolymer Formulations With Vinyl Acetate Increase DOM Consumption
    • Growth in Asia-Pacific Manufacturing Bases Drives Regional DOM Production and Utilization
  • 4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE
    • TABLE 1: World Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2030
    • TABLE 2: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 3: World Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 4: World 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 5: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Surfactant Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 6: World Historic Review for Surfactant Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 7: World 16-Year Perspective for Surfactant Application by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 8: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Adhesives Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 9: World Historic Review for Adhesives Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 10: World 16-Year Perspective for Adhesives Application by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 11: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Coatings Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 12: World Historic Review for Coatings Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 13: World 16-Year Perspective for Coatings Application by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 14: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Other Applications by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 15: World Historic Review for Other Applications by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 16: World 16-Year Perspective for Other Applications by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030

III. MARKET ANALYSIS

  • UNITED STATES
    • Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United States for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 17: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 18: USA Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 19: USA 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • CANADA
    • TABLE 20: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 21: Canada Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 22: Canada 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • JAPAN
    • Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Japan for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 23: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 24: Japan Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 25: Japan 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • CHINA
    • Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in China for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 26: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 27: China Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 28: China 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • EUROPE
    • Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Europe for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 29: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 30: Europe Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 31: Europe 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 32: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 33: Europe Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 34: Europe 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • FRANCE
    • Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in France for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 35: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 36: France Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 37: France 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • GERMANY
    • Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Germany for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 38: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 39: Germany Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 40: Germany 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • ITALY
    • TABLE 41: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 42: Italy Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 43: Italy 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • UNITED KINGDOM
    • Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United Kingdom for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 44: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 45: UK Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 46: UK 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • SPAIN
    • TABLE 47: Spain Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 48: Spain Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 49: Spain 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • RUSSIA
    • TABLE 50: Russia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 51: Russia Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 52: Russia 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF EUROPE
    • TABLE 53: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 54: Rest of Europe Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 55: Rest of Europe 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • ASIA-PACIFIC
    • Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Asia-Pacific for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 56: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Geographic Region - Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 57: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Geographic Region - Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 58: Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 59: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 60: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 61: Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • AUSTRALIA
    • Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Australia for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 62: Australia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 63: Australia Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 64: Australia 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • INDIA
    • Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in India for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 65: India Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 66: India Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 67: India 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • SOUTH KOREA
    • TABLE 68: South Korea Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 69: South Korea Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 70: South Korea 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC
    • TABLE 71: Rest of Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 72: Rest of Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 73: Rest of Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • LATIN AMERICA
    • Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Latin America for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 74: Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Geographic Region - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 75: Latin America Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Geographic Region - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 76: Latin America 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 77: Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 78: Latin America Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 79: Latin America 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • ARGENTINA
    • TABLE 80: Argentina Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 81: Argentina Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 82: Argentina 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • BRAZIL
    • TABLE 83: Brazil Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 84: Brazil Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 85: Brazil 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • MEXICO
    • TABLE 86: Mexico Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 87: Mexico Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 88: Mexico 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF LATIN AMERICA
    • TABLE 89: Rest of Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 90: Rest of Latin America Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 91: Rest of Latin America 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • MIDDLE EAST
    • Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Middle East for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 92: Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Geographic Region - Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 93: Middle East Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Geographic Region - Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 94: Middle East 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 95: Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 96: Middle East Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 97: Middle East 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • IRAN
    • TABLE 98: Iran Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 99: Iran Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 100: Iran 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • ISRAEL
    • TABLE 101: Israel Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 102: Israel Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 103: Israel 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • SAUDI ARABIA
    • TABLE 104: Saudi Arabia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 105: Saudi Arabia Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 106: Saudi Arabia 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
    • TABLE 107: UAE Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 108: UAE Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 109: UAE 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF MIDDLE EAST
    • TABLE 110: Rest of Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 111: Rest of Middle East Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 112: Rest of Middle East 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • AFRICA
    • Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Africa for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 113: Africa Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 114: Africa Historic Review for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 115: Africa 16-Year Perspective for Dioctyl Maleate (DOM) by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Surfactant Application, Adhesives Application, Coatings Application and Other Applications for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030

IV. COMPETITION