封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1565123

醫療保健領域多模態生物識別的全球市場

Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare

出版日期: | 出版商: Global Industry Analysts, Inc. | 英文 176 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

價格

本網頁內容可能與最新版本有所差異。詳細情況請與我們聯繫。

簡介目錄

到 2030 年,全球醫療保健多模態生物識別市場預計將達到 201 億美元

醫療保健領域多模態生物識別的全球市場預計到 2023 年將達到 78 億美元,預計到 2030 年將達到 201 億美元,在 2023-2030 年分析期間複合年成長率為 14.5%。指紋辨識技術是本報告分析的細分市場之一,預計複合年成長率為 13.6%,到分析期結束時將達到 84 億美元。分析期間,臉部辨識技術領域的複合年成長率預計為16.4%。

美國市場預計21億美元,中國預計複合年成長率13.8%

到 2023 年,美國醫療保健多模態生物識別市場預計將達到 21 億美元。中國作為全球第二大經濟體,預計2030年市場規模將達31億美元,2023-2030年分析期間複合年成長率為13.8%。其他值得注意的區域市場包括日本和加拿大,在分析期間預計複合年成長率分別為 12.6% 和 12.3%。在歐洲,德國預計複合年成長率為 10.7%。

全球醫療保健多模態生物識別市場 - 主要趨勢與促進因素總結

什麼是多模態生物識別?

醫療保健中的多模態生物識別是指使用兩個或多個生物辨識識別碼來確認個人身分。這包括指紋掃描、臉部辨識、虹膜掃描、語音辨識,甚至是步態等動態特性的組合。醫療保健產業擴大採用生物辨識技術,以確保安全、準確地識別患者和醫療保健提供者。與傳統的識別方法不同,多模態生物識別使冒充和身分篡改更加困難,從而增強了安全性。鑑於醫療資料的敏感性以及醫療保健環境中身份盜竊的可能性,多模態生物識別可以最大限度地減少患者記錄中的錯誤,防止詐欺,並改善整個醫療保健組織的安全性,為增強安全性提供重要的保護層。

科技進步如何塑造醫療保健領域的多模態生物識別?

技術創新大大提高了多模態生物識別在醫療保健領域的能力。人工智慧和機器學習提高了生物識別系統的準確性和速度,使它們能夠即時識別大型且複雜的資料庫。基於雲端基礎的系統和物聯網設備整合到醫療保健基礎設施中,透過實現對患者資料的遠端安全訪問,進一步推動了多模態生物識別的採用。該技術在遠端醫療中特別有用,因為遠距醫療需要患者識別而無需物理互動。配備生物識別感測器的行動和穿戴式裝置的採用正在擴大這些系統的範圍,使醫療保健提供者能夠在從醫院到患者家用中的各種環境中收集和檢驗生物識別資料。這些進步使醫療保健組織能夠透過可靠的身份管理簡化工作流程、減少管理錯誤並提高患者照護品質。

消費者需求和醫療保健法規如何影響市場?

隨著醫療保健變得數位化和以患者為中心,消費者要求更好地控制他們的個人資料並確保他們的醫療記錄的安全。這種需求正在推動醫療保健提供者採用多模態生物識別來滿足患者對隱私和便利性的期望。同時,各國政府和監管機構正在推出更嚴格的資料保護法,例如歐洲的《一般資料保護規範》(GDPR)和美國的《健康保險互通性與課責法案》(HIPAA)。這些法規要求醫療保健組織保護敏感的患者資料,並推動生物辨識技術的普及以確保合規性。此外,隨著醫療旅遊業的發展,醫療保健提供者正在轉向生物識別系統來快速準確地驗證外國患者的身份,簡化住院治療並提高跨境醫療服務的安全性。

推動醫療保健領域多模態生物識別市場成長的因素有哪些?

醫療保健領域多模態生物識別市場的成長受到多種因素的推動。人工智慧驅動的生物識別系統等技術進步正在提高身份驗證過程的準確性、速度和可靠性,從而在醫療保健環境中廣泛採用。對安全、高效的患者識別的需求不斷成長也推動了成長,特別是在擁有先進醫療基礎設施的地區。監管要求,特別是在資料保護和醫療詐欺預防方面,進一步推動了生物識別系統在醫院、診所和遠端醫療服務中的使用。此外,整合生物識別功能的行動健康解決方案和穿戴式裝置的擴展也有助於市場成長,因為這些技術可以實現遠端患者監控和身份驗證。消費者對資料隱私和無縫數位互動的期望正在推動醫療保健提供者採用多模態生物識別系統,以確保患者照護的安全性和便利性。最後,身分詐騙和醫療資料外洩的增加增加了對強大的生物辨識系統的需求,使其成為現代醫療保健業務的重要工具。

受訪企業範例(共6例)

  • BioID AG
  • C4 Development Ltd.
  • Catalyst Clinical Services Pvt., Ltd.
  • ClinStat GmbH
  • CMITech
  • David-Link Manila Corporation
  • Dynamic Imaging Systems, Inc.
  • Gymondo
  • IDEX Biometrics ASA
  • Integral Biometrics

目錄

第1章調查方法

第 2 章執行摘要

  • 市場概況
  • 主要企業
  • 市場趨勢和促進因素
  • 全球市場展望

第3章市場分析

  • 美國
  • 加拿大
  • 日本
  • 中國
  • 歐洲
  • 法國
  • 德國
  • 義大利
  • 英國
  • 其他歐洲國家
  • 亞太地區
  • 其他領域

第4章 比賽

簡介目錄
Product Code: MCP13501

Global Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare Market to Reach US$20.1 Billion by 2030

The global market for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare estimated at US$7.8 Billion in the year 2023, is expected to reach US$20.1 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 14.5% over the analysis period 2023-2030. Fingerprint Recognition Technology, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is expected to record a 13.6% CAGR and reach US$8.4 Billion by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Facial Recognition Technology segment is estimated at 16.4% CAGR over the analysis period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at US$2.1 Billion While China is Forecast to Grow at 13.8% CAGR

The Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare market in the U.S. is estimated at US$2.1 Billion in the year 2023. China, the world's second largest economy, is forecast to reach a projected market size of US$3.1 Billion by the year 2030 trailing a CAGR of 13.8% over the analysis period 2023-2030. Among the other noteworthy geographic markets are Japan and Canada, each forecast to grow at a CAGR of 12.6% and 12.3% respectively over the analysis period. Within Europe, Germany is forecast to grow at approximately 10.7% CAGR.

Global Multi-Modal Biometrics in Healthcare Market – Key Trends & Drivers Summarized

What Are Multi-Modal Biometrics and Why Are They Important in Healthcare?

Multi-modal biometrics in healthcare refers to the use of two or more biometric identifiers to verify a person's identity. This can include a combination of fingerprint scanning, facial recognition, iris scans, voice recognition, and even behavioral traits such as gait. The healthcare industry has increasingly adopted biometric technologies to ensure secure and accurate identification of patients and healthcare providers. Unlike traditional identification methods, multi-modal biometrics enhances security by making it more difficult to impersonate or falsify identity. Given the high sensitivity of medical data and the potential for identity theft in healthcare settings, multi-modal biometrics provides an essential layer of protection that minimizes errors in patient records, safeguards against fraud, and enhances the overall security of healthcare institutions.

How Are Technological Advancements Shaping Multi-Modal Biometrics in Healthcare?

Technological innovations have significantly enhanced the capabilities of multi-modal biometrics in healthcare. AI and machine learning have improved the accuracy and speed of biometric recognition systems, allowing for real-time identification even in large, complex databases. The integration of cloud-based systems and IoT devices into healthcare infrastructure has further propelled the adoption of multi-modal biometrics by enabling remote, secure access to patient data. This technology is especially beneficial in telemedicine, where patient verification is necessary without physical interaction. The adoption of mobile and wearable devices that feature biometric sensors has expanded the reach of these systems, allowing healthcare providers to collect and verify biometric data in a variety of settings, from hospitals to patients' homes. These advancements are enabling healthcare institutions to streamline workflows, reduce administrative errors, and improve patient care quality through reliable identity management.

How Are Consumer Demands and Healthcare Regulations Impacting the Market?

As healthcare becomes more digitized and patient-centered, consumers are demanding greater control over their personal data and the assurance that their medical records are secure. This demand has encouraged healthcare providers to adopt multi-modal biometrics to meet patient expectations for privacy and convenience. Simultaneously, governments and regulatory bodies are implementing stricter data protection laws, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the United States. These regulations mandate that healthcare organizations protect sensitive patient data, prompting the widespread use of biometrics to ensure compliance. Furthermore, as medical tourism grows, healthcare providers are turning to biometric systems to verify the identities of international patients quickly and accurately, streamlining admissions and improving the security of cross-border healthcare services.

What Factors Are Driving Growth in the Multi-Modal Biometrics in Healthcare Market?

The growth in the multi-modal biometrics in healthcare market is driven by several factors. Technological advancements, such as AI-powered biometric systems, are enhancing the accuracy, speed, and reliability of identity verification processes, encouraging wider adoption across healthcare settings. The rising demand for secure, efficient patient identification is also driving growth, particularly in regions with advanced healthcare infrastructure. Regulatory requirements, especially in the context of data protection and healthcare fraud prevention, are further propelling the use of biometric systems in hospitals, clinics, and telemedicine services. Additionally, the expansion of mobile health solutions and wearable devices with integrated biometric features is contributing to market growth, as these technologies enable remote patient monitoring and authentication. Consumer expectations for data privacy and seamless digital interactions are pushing healthcare providers to adopt multi-modal biometric systems to ensure both security and convenience in patient care. Finally, the increasing occurrence of identity fraud and medical data breaches has heightened the need for robust biometric systems, making them an essential tool in modern healthcare operations.

Select Competitors (Total 6 Featured) -

  • BioID AG
  • C4 Development Ltd.
  • Catalyst Clinical Services Pvt., Ltd.
  • ClinStat GmbH
  • CMITech
  • David-Link Manila Corporation
  • Dynamic Imaging Systems, Inc.
  • Gymondo
  • IDEX Biometrics ASA
  • Integral Biometrics

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. METHODOLOGY

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1. MARKET OVERVIEW
    • Influencer Market Insights
    • World Market Trajectories
    • Global Economic Update
    • Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare - Global Key Competitors Percentage Market Share in 2024 (E)
    • Competitive Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial for Players Worldwide in 2024 (E)
  • 2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS
  • 3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS
    • Growing Focus on Patient Data Security Strengthens Business Case for Multi-Modal Biometrics in Healthcare
    • Increasing Need for Accurate Patient Identification Drives Adoption of Multi-Modal Biometrics Systems
    • Rising Regulatory Compliance Requirements in Healthcare Spur Demand for Biometric Authentication Solutions
    • Surge in Telemedicine and Remote Healthcare Expands Market for Multi-Modal Biometrics
    • Increasing Use of Biometrics in Electronic Health Records (EHR) Systems Propels Growth
    • Advancements in AI and Machine Learning Enhance Accuracy and Adoption of Multi-Modal Biometrics
    • Growth of Biometric Wearable Devices Expands Opportunities for Continuous Patient Monitoring
    • Rising Concern Over Medical Identity Theft Drives Demand for Secure Biometric Authentication Solutions
    • Integration of Multi-Modal Biometrics with Hospital Management Systems Strengthens Adoption
    • Growing Emphasis on Accuracy in Drug Dispensing and Prescription Filling Expands Market for Multi-Modal Biometrics
    • Integration of Biometric Systems with Medical Devices and Wearables Propels Adoption in Patient Monitoring
    • Expanding Role of Multi-Modal Biometrics in Clinical Trials Drives Market Opportunities
    • Increasing Focus on Fraud Prevention in Health Insurance Claims Spurs Adoption of Biometrics
  • 4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE
    • TABLE 1: World Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare Market Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2030
    • TABLE 2: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 3: World 7-Year Perspective for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets for Years 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 4: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Fingerprint Recognition by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 5: World 7-Year Perspective for Fingerprint Recognition by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 6: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Facial Recognition by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 7: World 7-Year Perspective for Facial Recognition by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 8: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Iris Recognition by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 9: World 7-Year Perspective for Iris Recognition by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 10: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Voice Recognition by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 11: World 7-Year Perspective for Voice Recognition by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 12: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Vein Recognition by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 13: World 7-Year Perspective for Vein Recognition by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2024 & 2030

III. MARKET ANALYSIS

  • UNITED STATES
    • Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United States for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 14: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 15: USA 7-Year Perspective for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • CANADA
    • TABLE 16: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 17: Canada 7-Year Perspective for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • JAPAN
    • Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Japan for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 18: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 19: Japan 7-Year Perspective for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • CHINA
    • Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in China for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 20: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 21: China 7-Year Perspective for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • EUROPE
    • Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Europe for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 22: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 23: Europe 7-Year Perspective for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets for Years 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 24: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 25: Europe 7-Year Perspective for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • FRANCE
    • Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in France for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 26: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 27: France 7-Year Perspective for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • GERMANY
    • Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Germany for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 28: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 29: Germany 7-Year Perspective for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • ITALY
    • TABLE 30: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 31: Italy 7-Year Perspective for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • UNITED KINGDOM
    • Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United Kingdom for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 32: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 33: UK 7-Year Perspective for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • REST OF EUROPE
    • TABLE 34: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 35: Rest of Europe 7-Year Perspective for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • ASIA-PACIFIC
    • Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Asia-Pacific for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 36: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 37: Asia-Pacific 7-Year Perspective for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • REST OF WORLD
    • TABLE 38: Rest of World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 39: Rest of World 7-Year Perspective for Multi-modal Biometrics in Healthcare by Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Voice Recognition and Vein Recognition for the Years 2024 & 2030

IV. COMPETITION