全球自動駕駛汽車（AV）法規，2024年

不斷發展的法律規範和策略創新為自動駕駛汽車（AV）市場的轉型鋪平了道路

本研究對2024年全球自動駕駛汽車（AV）法規進行了策略分析，強調了跨區域測試的關鍵發展、區域動態和塑造 AV 生態系統的框架。它檢驗了北美、歐洲、亞太地區（APAC）和新興市場的法規發展和測試工作。美國法規格局仍然分散，各州法律不同，造成操作不一致，而歐洲在跨境測試和嚴格的安全通訊協定方面處於領先。包括中國、日本和新加坡在內的亞太國家在政府政策和智慧城市發展的推動下，在 4 級和 5 級測試中表現出色。德國和日本已經規範了消費者對 3 級自動車道維持系統的使用，並起草法規以加速 4 級的採用。聯合國歐洲經濟委員會和美國國家公路交通安全管理局等國際組織協調全球標準。機器人計程車已在受控環境中有選擇地部署，但 5 級的全面部署仍有待技術、法規和社會認可的里程碑式進展。本研究為相關人員提供了有關影響 AV 創新和市場成長的各種法規方法、挑戰和機會的見解。

目錄

策略要務

• 為何成長變得越來越困難？
• The Strategic Imperative 8（TM）
• 三大策略要務對全球自動駕駛汽車（AV）產業的影響

成長機會分析

• 分析範圍
• 成長動力
• 成長抑制因素

世界各地的AV法規

• AV法規概況 - 全球
• 歐洲自動駕駛汽車法規與測試概況
• AV法規與測試格局概述—亞太地區及中國
• 北美自動駕駛汽車法規與測試格局概述
• 歐洲 AV 測試格局
• 亞太主要國家的自動駕駛汽車測試格局
• 北美 AV法律規範

定義

• SAE International 定義自動駕駛級別

歐洲AV法規

• 聯合國歐洲經濟委員會AV指南框架
• 聯合國歐洲經濟委員會關於自動駕駛功能部署的規定
• ACEA自動駕駛藍圖
• 法規概況 – 歐洲（最發達）
• 法規概況 – 歐洲（中等/最小進化）
• 法規概況 – 奧地利
• 法規概況 – 比利時
• 法規概況 – 丹麥
• 法規概況 – 法國
• 法規概況 – 德國
• 法規概況 – 希臘
• 義大利法規概況
• 英國法規概況
• 其他歐洲國家的法律規範
• 歐洲 AV 測試格局

AV 法規 – 亞太地區

• 亞太地區法規概況
• 中國法規概況
• 中國機器人計程車示範計劃及參與企業
• 中國政府推動智慧網聯汽車發展的舉措
• 中國智慧城市計劃推動智慧網聯汽車的早期部署
• 自動駕駛汽車OEM在中國智慧網聯汽車領域的策略投資
• 法規概況 – 日本
• 法規概況 – 新加坡
• 法規概況 – 馬來西亞
• 法規概況 – 韓國
• 法規概況 – 澳洲
• 法規概況 – 紐西蘭
• 法規概況 – 印度
• 亞太主要國家自動駕駛汽車測試現況及發展

AV 法規 – 北美

• 北美法規概況
• NHTSA 的美國ADS 框架
• 美國聯邦和州法規機構的作用
• 美國戰略自動駕駛汽車發展與部署藍圖
• 美國自動駕駛汽車測試和部署法規
• 北美 AV法律規範
• 美國自動駕駛汽車法律規範
• 法規概況 – 加拿大
• 法規概況 – AV 測試法規
• 法規概況 – 墨西哥
• 北美AV客車公開測試計劃
• 北美遠端操作法規
• 美國遠端控制法規

L3、L4車輛主要參與企業

• L3級車輛主要參與企業
• L4機器人計程車主要參與企業

成長機會宇宙

• 成長機會1：法規差異化推動高階汽車創新
• 成長機會2：透過L4車輛的營運擴展用例
• 成長機會3：透過擴大 L2+ 和 L3 車輛的規模來擴大應用
• 成長機會4：法規協調簡化測試和部署

結論

• 重點
• 部分簡稱和首字母縮寫列表

附錄與後續步驟

• 成長機會的益處和影響
• 後續步驟
• 文件清單
• 免責聲明

Evolving Regulatory Frameworks and Strategic Innovations Pave the Way for Autonomous Vehicle Market Transformation

This study provides a strategic analysis of global autonomous vehicle (AV) regulations in 2024, highlighting key developments in testing across regions, regional dynamics, and frameworks shaping the AV ecosystem. It examines legislative progress and testing initiatives across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), and emerging markets. The US regulatory landscape remains fragmented, with state-specific laws creating operational inconsistencies, while Europe leads with cross-border testing and stringent safety protocols. APAC nations, including China, Japan, and Singapore, excel in Level 4 and Level 5 testing, driven by government policies and smart city advancements. Germany and Japan have regulated consumer use of Level 3 automated lane keeping systems and are drafting regulations to accelerate Level 4 adoption. International bodies, such as the UNECE and the NHTSA, are harmonizing global standards. Robotaxis are selectively deployed in controlled settings, while full Level 5 deployment awaits technological, regulatory, and public acceptance milestones. This study equips stakeholders with insights into diverse regulatory approaches, challenges, and opportunities shaping AV innovation and market growth.

Scope of Analysis

• The AV market is growing in the United States, China, and Europe, but it is still in the early stages of development in many countries in Asia-Pacific (APAC).
• While AV development and testing have reached higher levels of autonomy, such as Level 4 (L4; highly autonomous) and Level 5 (L5; fully autonomous), L4 technologies have seen selective deployment. Robotaxis and autonomous shuttles operate in various cities under controlled conditions. Full deployment of L5 AVs remains a future goal, reliant on technological breakthroughs, comprehensive regulatory frameworks, and public acceptance.
• Global regulations favoring testing and deployment will determine the adoption timeline for consumer markets. Germany and Japan have regulated consumer use of Level 3 (L3) automated lane keeping systems (ALKS), enabling early market adoption of ALKS in these countries. In addition, these countries have proposed draft regulations for L4 systems to foster higher adoption rates.
• International regulatory bodies, such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the US' National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), are driving global frameworks for AVs. UNECE's Regulation No. 157 enables L3 ALKS, while recent updates, such as the 2024 Driver Control Assistance Systems (DCAS) rules, further align automation standards. These efforts aim to harmonize L3-L5 deployment, build consumer trust, and accelerate global adoption.
• This study analyzes the regulatory framework for AV testing and deployment in Europe, North America, and APAC, covering 27 countries, including China.

The Impact of the Top Three Strategic Imperatives on the Global Autonomous Vehicle Industry

Geopolitical Chaos

Why

Recent geopolitical tensions have led to the imposition of tariffs and trade restrictions, particularly between major economies such as the United States and China. These tensions have disrupted the global supply chain for critical autonomous vehicle (AV) components, including semiconductors and sensors, essential for autonomous driving (AD) technologies.

Frost Perspective

AV manufacturers must diversify their supply chains and invest in domestic production capabilities to ensure compliance with local and global regulations.

Industry stakeholders should actively engage in cross-border discussions to standardize AV regulatory frameworks despite geopolitical tensions.

Transformative Megatrends

Why

The evolution of environmental and safety regulations globally has accelerated the push for connected, autonomous, shared, and electric (CASE) vehicles.

Governments are mandating stricter emissions standards, advanced safety protocols, and autonomy frameworks to reduce congestion, enhance sustainability, and improve road safety.

Frost Perspective

Automakers are shifting investments to align with compliance timelines. Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are being integrated as a standard to meet regulatory mandates for safety.

Cross-border harmonization of regulatory standards is critical for global adoption, particularly as nations such as the EU set strict 2025-2030 goals for electric vehicles (EVs) and autonomous technology.

Competitive Intensity

Why

The rapid rise of direct-to-consumer (D2C) models (e.g., subscription services for AV usage) has compressed the value chain. This shift impacts how AVs are marketed, sold, and serviced, leading to new regulatory considerations around data privacy, consumer protection, and vehicle life cycle management.

Frost Perspective

AVs' data-intensive nature has led to stringent government data protection laws, requiring original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to prioritize privacy and secure transmissions. To stay competitive, manufacturers must adopt subscription-based models that align with regulations while enhancing the customer experience.

Growth Drivers

• Safety, Accident Prevention, and Congestion Reduction: Safety concerns drive AV regulations, with AVs expected to reduce accidents caused by human error. Addressing congestion and improving traffic flow, governments are integrating AVs into smart infrastructure while mandating collision avoidance systems and advanced safety features to accelerate adoption.
• Technology Readiness: Advancements in AI, machine learning (ML), sensor technologies, and 5G connectivity are driving AV systems' capability and scalability. Regulatory bodies are closely monitoring these technological developments to set clear standards for AV deployment and ensure safety and reliability.
• Smart City Integration with AVs: Cities worldwide are integrating AVs into urban planning to address traffic congestion, optimize mobility, and reduce emissions. AV deployment will increasingly become an integral part of smart infrastructure projects.
• Industry Push and Lobbying: Key stakeholders, including OEMs, technology companies, and industry associations, are lobbying governments for faster regulatory approvals and financial incentives. Industry collaboration and investment in pilot projects and testing programs are accelerating the development and deployment of AV technologies.

Growth Restraints

• Liability and Legal Frameworks: Determining liability in the event of an AV-related accident is a significant challenge, as traditional laws do not account for autonomous decision-making systems. Governments are working to establish clear legal frameworks that address manufacturer, operator, and user responsibility, delaying large-scale regulatory approval.
• Security and Data Privacy Concerns: AVs generate vast amounts of data, raising concerns about cybersecurity threats, data misuse, and consumer privacy. Governments are hesitant to approve widespread AV deployment without robust security frameworks and assurances against hacking or malicious exploitation of connected systems.
• Economic Disruption and Job Loss Concerns: Governments are cautious about enabling widespread AV deployment due to fears of mass job displacement in sectors such as trucking, taxi services, and public transportation. The political and social backlash from affected industries and workers poses a significant challenge for policymakers, slowing regulatory progress.
• Public Safety and Trust Deficit: Governments are concerned about the public perception of AV safety, especially in light of incidents during testing phases. This has led to hesitancy in allowing broad deployment without sufficient real-world validation. Ensuring public safety through robust testing and phased rollouts is critical before gaining regulatory approvals.

Table of Contents

Autonomous Vehicle Regulations, Global, 2024 PFRF-

Strategic Imperatives

• Why is it Increasingly Difficult to Grow?
• The Strategic Imperative 8™
• The Impact of the Top Three Strategic Imperatives on the Global Autonomous Vehicle Industry

Growth Opportunity Analysis

• Scope of Analysis
• Growth Drivers
• Growth Restraints

Global AV Regulations

• AV Regulatory Overview-Global
• AV Regulations and Testing Landscape Overview-Europe
• AV Regulations and Testing Landscape Overview-APAC and China
• AV Regulations and Testing Landscape Overview-North America
• AV Testing Landscape in Europe
• AV Testing Landscape in Key APAC Countries
• AV Regulatory Framework in North America

Definitions

• SAE International's Definition of Levels of Driving Automation

AV Regulations-Europe

• UNECE Framework for AV Guidelines
• UNECE Regulations for Autonomous Feature Deployment
• ACEA Automated and Autonomous Roadmap
• Regulatory Overview-Europe Most Evolved
• Regulatory Overview-Europe Moderately and Least Evolved
• Regulatory Overview-Austria
• Regulatory Overview-Belgium
• Regulatory Overview-Denmark
• Regulatory Overview-France
• Regulatory Overview-Germany
• Regulatory Overview-Greece
• Regulatory Overview-Italy
• Regulatory Overview-United Kingdom
• Regulatory Framework of Other European Countries
• AV Testing Landscape in Europe

AV Regulations-APAC

• Regulatory Overview-APAC
• Regulatory Overview-China
• Robotaxi Testing Projects and Participants in China
• Government Initiatives for ICV Adoption in China
• Smart City Projects to Foster Early ICV Deployment in China
• Autonomous Driving OEMs' Strategic Investments in ICV Deployments in China
• Regulatory Overview-Japan
• Regulatory Overview-Singapore
• Regulatory Overview-Malaysia
• Regulatory Overview-South Korea
• Regulatory Overview-Australia
• Regulatory Overview-New Zealand
• Regulatory Overview-India
• AV Testing Landscape and Deployment in Key APAC Countries

AV Regulations-North America

• Regulatory Overview-North America
• NHTSA Framework for ADS in the United States
• US Federal and State Regulatory Roles
• US Roadmap for Strategic AV Development and Deployment
• AV Testing and Deployment Regulations in the United States
• AV Regulatory Framework in North America
• AV Regulatory Framework in the United States
• Regulatory Overview-Canada
• Regulatory Overview-AV Testing Regulations
• Regulatory Overview-Mexico
• Public Testing Projects for AVs Passenger Cars in North America
• Teleoperation Regulations in North America
• Teleoperation Regulations in the United States

Key L3 and L4 Vehicle Participants

• Key L3 Vehicle Participants
• Key L4 Robotaxi Participants

Growth Opportunity Universe

• Growth Opportunity 1: Differentiating Through Mandates Driving Innovation in Premium Vehicles
• Growth Opportunity 2: Operationalizing L4 Vehicles for Expanded Use Cases
• Growth Opportunity 3: Scaling L2+ and L3 Vehicles for Broader Adoption
• Growth Opportunity 4: Harmonizing Regulations to Streamline Testing and Deployment

Conclusion

• Key Takeaways
• Partial List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in the Study

Appendix & Next Steps

• Benefits and Impacts of Growth Opportunities
• Next Steps
• List of Exhibits
• Legal Disclaimer