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2154187

2027-2037年全球人形機器人市場

The Global Humanoid Robots Market 2027-2037
出版日期: | 出版商: Future Markets, Inc. | 英文 784 Pages; 164 Tables; 49 Figures | 訂單完成後即時交付

價格

到2025年，人形機器人的製造成本將年減40%。人形機器人市場正以遠超過幾乎所有預測的速度，從試驗計畫走向商業部署。這主要得益於中國硬體製造商將執行器和結構組件的成本降低到西方製造商前所未有的水平，以及人工智慧模型的進步，這些模型即使在非結構化環境中也能實現多樣化的操作能力。售價5,600美元的Unitree R1不僅僅是一款新產品的發布；它預示著人形機器人市場的成本趨勢走向，以及這對各個應用領域的經濟效益意味著什麼。

特斯拉的Optimus、Figure AI、Agility Robotics的Digit以及Apptronik的Apollo等機器人已在汽車組裝廠和物流設施中運作。優必選科技（UBTECH）宣布與比亞迪、吉利、一汽-大眾和富士康建立合作關係。 Physical Intelligence的π0基礎模型實現了機器人操作中的跨任務泛化，在12個月前是無法想像的。在人形機器人市場，如今的問題不再是商業部署是否可行，而是到2037年，哪個平台、哪個軟體堆疊以及哪條供應鏈將主導該產業的競爭格局。

2027-2037年人形機器人市場報告 - 主要研究範圍

  • 技術架構和基準測試——對領先的商業平台上的執行器設計和性能、全身控制系統、複雜的機動性、車載計算平台、基於人工智慧的模型整合以及感測器融合進行基準測試。
  • 製造成本趨勢與展望－執行器、結構、運算、感測器和軟體元件的詳細成本分解，2025 年成本降低轉折點，以及在整個預測期內向大眾市場價格範圍邁進的成本趨勢。
  • 人形機器人的 AI 基礎模型 - 一種視覺、語言和動作模型架構，能夠泛化到物理智慧 (π0)、特斯拉 VLA、圖形螺旋以及各種操作和運動任務。
  • 製造業應用－人形機器人在汽車組裝、電子製造、半導體製造支援和結構化製造環境中的引入的詳細經濟分析
  • 物流和倉儲領域的應用實例－在訂單處理、貨物搬運、拖車裝載和半結構化倉庫環境中引入人形機器人的單位經濟效益。
  • 競爭格局－美國公司（特斯拉、Figure AI、Agility Robotics、Apptronik、1X Technologies）、中國公司（優利科技、Agibot、Fourier Intelligence、優必選、LimX Dynamics、EngineAI）以及歐洲和日本公司，包括對其技術能力和商業性績效的分析。
  • 投資趨勢－公司創業投資、汽車OEM廠商和科技公司的策略性企業投資以及公開市場趨勢（截至2027年）
  • 供應鏈分析－執行器、感測器和運算組件的供應鏈，中國垂直整合的結構性成本優勢，以及限制歐美規模化發展的關鍵瓶頸
  • 區域市場動態—北美、中國、歐洲、日本和韓國的部署密度、法規環境和商業性滲透率
  • 十年預測－基於基準情景、樂觀情景和保守情景，按應用、平台類型和地區分類的出貨量和市場規模（2027 年至 2037 年）

這份人形機器人市場報告是策略規劃者、投資者和技術開發人員追蹤先進機器人領域商業性最重要的細分市場的權威資訊來源。

它非常適合製造商、物流供應商、機器人投資者、人工智慧平台開發商和企業創新團隊。

人形機器人無疑已經超越了概念驗證階段。此前，該領域主要以病毒式傳播的網路影片和受控環境下的原型機為主導，而如今，其特點已轉變為大規模生產、多地點客戶部署以及首家上市企業。中國製造商在生產和消費方面均佔主導地位，將執行器、感測器、電池和結構件等零件的國內供應鏈轉化為西方競爭對手無法匹敵的成本優勢。兩家中國公司佔了全球出貨量的大部分，其中一家更是成為首家在中國當地證券交易所上市的人形機器人製造商。這使得投資者能夠直接投資該領域，並且業內首次公開了經審計的單位經濟效益數據。

應用範圍已縮小至實際應用領域。雖然最初的目標側重於通用功能，但商業性現實促使人們將重點轉向結構化的工業環境，例如生產線、物流和倉儲，在這些環境中，任務定義明確，經濟價值可衡量。汽車製造商已成為至關重要的客戶群，他們一邊開發和採購人形機器人，一邊將其引擎工廠改造為機器人生產。

目前，有三個限制因素將影響這一發展軌跡。首先是自主性。儘管機器人仍展現出令人印象深刻的動作，但它們在沒有人工干預的情況下，長時間可靠地執行各種任務的能力仍然有限。這使得競爭的焦點從移動性轉向智慧，具身人工智慧平台模型及其訓練所需的真實世界資料成為主要的競爭領域。機器人製造商與領先的人工智慧開發商之間的合作也反映了這種定位的轉變。其次是認證。目前尚無涵蓋工業環境中雙足機器人的標準，因此許多製造商正在轉向輪式平台，以便根據現有的協作機器人和移動機器人法規進行認證。第三是地緣政治因素。美國限制進口中國製造的人形機器人及其組件，這使得全球最大的生產國和最大的潛在買家之一分離，並將曾經統一的全球市場分割成一個獨立的區域市場。

展望未來預計出貨量將持續快速成長，但價格也會大幅下降。同時，增值重點將從成品機器人轉向零件和軟體。歐洲憑藉的並非規模，而是產業夥伴關係和安全至上的設計理念，已確立了強大的市場地位。韓國和日本正利用其汽車製造能力進軍這一市場。未來十年的關鍵挑戰不在於人形機器人能否大規模出貨，而是其性能能否快速提升，證明目前投入的資金物有所值。

本報告從技術、應用、市場和競爭等角度對人形機器人產業進行了全面分析，並提供了直至2037年的量化預測。報告檢視了該產業從原型展示到量產的轉型，檢驗了商業性價值的創造點、哪些架構和經營模式已被證明可行，以及貿易法規、認證框架和具身人工智慧的發展如何重塑競爭格局。報告涵蓋了整個價值鏈，從執行器、齒輪箱、軸承、感測器和計算平台到系統整合、部署經濟性和終端市場應用。預測基於已公佈的出貨量數據和一個涵蓋工業、消費和醫療應用的「三階段擴散模型」（六年更新周期），並按銷售、收入、地區、應用和組件進行了細分。

目錄包括：

  • 摘要整理－市場結構、資本形成與「資金籌措與執行悖論」、區域生態系統趨勢、貿易法規與市場細分、三階段引進架構、領導力策略洞察
  • 引言——定義和特徵、歷史演變、按應用分類的技術成熟度、商業化模式和發展階段
  • 成本和經濟性 - 當前和目標價格、按人形機器人類型分類的成本細分、執行器、結構、電源、計算、感測器、末端執行器和軟體的組件成本分析、每小時成本、實現投資回報所需時間、生產量的影響、區域成本差異以及降低成本的障礙。
  • 技術與組件分析－機器人設計、關鍵組件、智慧控制、製造流程、執行器、馬達、齒輪箱、螺絲、軸承、機械手臂和靈巧機械手、系統單晶片 (SoC)、雲端機器人、人機互動、仿生設計等方面的進展
  • 感測器與感知－按感測器類型、銷售和供應商收入分類的市場預測；視覺系統、攝影機和雷射雷達、混合方法、毫米波雷達、觸覺和力感測器、電子皮膚、聽覺感測器、慣性測量單元 (IMU)、接近和距離感測、環境和生物識別感測器、編碼器和位置感測、互連限制、感測器融合
  • 人工智慧（AI）－AI硬體和軟體、模擬、運動規劃和控制、基礎模型、合成資料產生、多觸點規劃、端到端和多模態AI
  • 電源與能源管理－電池技術、能源採集、電源分配、溫度控管、無線充電
  • 材料－金屬、聚合物、複合材料、彈性體、智慧材料、纖維、陶瓷、生物材料、奈米材料和塗層
  • 終端用戶市場－醫療保健及支援、教育及研究、客戶服務及飯店、娛樂、製造業及工業、汽車、物流、軍事及國防、家居環境
  • 2037年市場預測－綜合出貨量預測、更換週期趨勢、區域分佈、市場集中度、營收、平均售價（ASP）趨勢、電池容量需求、硬體組件市場
  • 公司簡介 - 超過 100 家公司簡介，涵蓋製造商、零件供應商和人工智慧開發商，包括 1X Technologies、AeiRobot、Aeolus Robotics、Agibot（智源機器人）、Agility Robotics、AI² Robotics、AmbiRobotics、Amphenol、Andromeda、Apptronik、Axibo、北京Robotics、Booster Robotics、Borg Robotics、Boston Dynamics、BridgeDP Robotics、BXI Robotics、比亞迪、Clone Robotics、Dataa Robotics、Deep Robotics、DeepSeek、Devanthro、Diligent Robotics、Doubot Robotics、Dreame Technology、Echanlecto、Enots、Echanform Tools、EngineAI、Engineered Arts、Epoch Robotics、EX Robots、FDROBOT、Figure AI、Formic Technologies、Foundation Future Industries、Fourier Intelligence、Furhat Robotics 和 Galaxea 等。公司簡介，包括 AI、Galbot 和 Generation Robots，包含關鍵資訊面板（成立年份、總部所在地、融資總額、公司價值、CEO、旗艦機器人）、公司概況、平台和技術、產品系列（包括機器人規格）、2025-2026 年部署計劃、資金籌措歷史（截至 2026 年 10 月的投資者）、Future Markets 總部的戰略所在地、總部的合作夥伴總部
  • 全球監管與區域市場分析

目錄

第1章：摘要整理

第2章：引言

  • 人形機器人：定義與特徵
  • 歷史概述與演變
  • 人形機器人的現狀
  • 人形機器人的重要性
  • 市場與應用部（TRL）
  • 三波框架
    • 第一階段：工業應用（現至2025-2030年）
    • 第二波：消費者與開發者應用（展望未來－2027-2033 年）
    • 第三波浪潮：醫療和老年護理領域的應用（未來－2030年至2037年及以後）
    • 對製造商的戰略意義
  • 經營模式和商業化階段
  • 投資及資金籌措
    • 資金籌措與執行的悖論
  • 成本
    • 當前市場價格（2025 年）
    • 目標價（2026-2030 年）
    • 依人形機器人類型分類的成本明細（2025 年更新）
    • 基於組件的成本分析
    • 成本趨勢預測
    • 每小時工作成本分析
    • 投資報酬率趨勢分析
    • 產量對成本的影響（2025-2037 年）
    • 降低成本的障礙
    • 成本競爭力分析（2025-2037 年）
  • 對嵌入式人工智慧模型和感測器需求的影響
  • 市場促進因素
    • 人工智慧（AI）和機器學習（ML）的進展
    • 勞動力短缺
    • 勞動力替代
    • 需要個人援助和陪伴
    • 探勘危險惡劣的環境
  • 任務
    • 商業挑戰
    • 技術挑戰
  • 全球法規
  • 日本市場
  • 美國市場
  • 中國市場

第3章：技術及組件分析

  • 人形機器人設計的進展
  • 重要組成部分
  • 智慧控制系統和最佳化
  • 先進的機器人技術和自動化
  • 製造業
    • 設計和原型製作
    • 零件製造
    • 組裝與整合
    • 軟體整合和測試
    • 品質保證和性能檢驗
    • 任務
  • 腦機介面
  • 機器人與智慧健康
    • 機器人輔助手術與微創手術
    • 復健與輔助機器人
    • 護理和輔助機器人
    • 智慧健康監測與診斷
    • 遠端醫療和遠距保健管理
    • 精神健康領域的機器人技術
  • 微型和奈米機器人
  • 醫療與復健機器人
  • 機電一體化與機器人學
  • 影像處理、機器人技術與智慧視覺
    • 神經處理技術的革命
    • 空間感知和導航
    • 人性化的視覺系統
    • 學習與適應
  • 人工智慧和機器學習
    • 概述
    • 人工智慧硬體和軟體
    • 端到端人工智慧
    • 多模態人工智慧演算法
  • 感測器和感知技術
    • 人形機器人感測器市場
    • 視覺系統
    • 結合LiDAR和攝影機的混合系統
    • 攝影機和LiDAR
    • 觸覺和力道感測器
    • 聽覺感測器
    • 慣性測量單元（IMU）
    • 接近/距離感測器
    • 環境感測器
    • 生物識別感測器
    • 感測器融合
    • 編碼器和位置感測器
    • 互連、線束佈線和感測器密度的物理限制
  • 電力和能源管理
    • 電池技術
    • 任務
    • 能源採集和再生系統
    • 電力分配和傳輸
    • 溫度控管
    • 節能計算和通訊
    • 冷卻架構
    • 無線電力傳輸和充電
    • 能源最佳化與機器學習
  • 執行器
    • 人形機器人驅動系統
    • 人形機器人關節系統中的執行器
    • 能量轉換機制
  • 引擎
    • 概述
    • 無框電機
    • 印刷/未印刷電機
    • 無芯電機
  • 減速器
    • 諧波減速器
    • RV（旋轉向量）變速箱
    • 行星齒輪系統
  • 擰緊
    • 螺桿式動力傳動系統
    • 滾珠螺桿組件
    • 行星滾柱螺桿
  • 軸承
    • 概述
  • 手臂效果踏板
    • 概述
    • 靈巧的雙手和觸覺
    • 熱插拔末端執行器系統
    • 任務
  • 用於人形機器人的系統單晶片
  • 雲端機器人和機器人物聯網（IoRT）
  • 人機互動（HRI）與社會機器人
  • 基於仿生和生物啟發方法的設計
  • 人形機器人材料
    • 新材料的開發
    • 金屬
    • 形狀記憶合金
    • 塑膠和聚合物
    • 複合材料
    • 彈性體
    • 智慧材料
    • 纖維
    • 陶瓷
    • 生物材料
    • 奈米材料
    • 塗層
  • 結締組織

第4章 終端用戶市場

  • 市場供應鏈
  • 商業化程度
  • 醫療保健和護理
  • 教育與研究
  • 客戶服務和熱情待客
  • 娛樂休閒
  • 製造業和工業
    • 概述
    • 車
    • 後勤
    • 案例研究
  • 軍事/國防
  • 個人使用與家庭環境

第5章：2024-2037年全球市場規模（銷售量與營收）

  • 市場促進因素與勞動市場趨勢
  • 整合式出貨量預測：三階段實施模型
    • 第一波：工業應用（2025-2030 年）
    • 第二波：消費者/開發者應用（2027-2033 年）
    • 第三波：醫療和老年護理用途（2030-2037 年及以後）
  • 更換週期趨勢
    • 對市場動態的影響
  • 成長軌跡分析
  • 區域分佈預測
    • 預計中國的主導地位將隨著時間的推移而加強。
  • 市場集中度趨勢
  • 風險因素和敏感性
  • 總合收入
    • 三級收入結構
    • 第二波：消費者與開發者應用（2026-2037 年）
    • 第三波：醫療保健和老年護理領域的應用（2031-2037 年及以後）
    • 下行情景
  • 平均售價的趨勢和影響因素
    • 不同期間平均售價（ASP）的下降
    • 分析導致平均銷售價格下降的因素
    • ASP波動與波（2036）
  • 區域收入分佈
    • 按實施區域分類的收入
    • 按製造區域分類的收入
    • 按區域分類的波組成
    • 區域預測風險
  • 基於續約週期的營收趨勢
    • 透過更新實現收入
    • 按波次分類的更換趨勢
    • 模型重新訓練作為更新的催化劑
    • 提高製造商的盈利
  • 市場結構與集中度
    • 濃度趨勢
    • 向開放市場過渡
    • 中國製造商的收入佔有率
    • 收入預測可靠性評估
    • 敏感度分析
  • 電池容量（GWh）預測
    • 按行業分類的產能需求
    • 每台機器人的平均產能
    • 按應用分類的容量要求
    • 預測因素
  • 五金零件
    • 每台機器人的零件成本
    • 零件市場規模（總計）
    • 了解人形機器人BOM中機械零件的優勢
    • 互連和線束
    • 對零件供應商的策略意義

第6章：公司簡介（106家公司簡介）

第7章：學術機構開發的人形機器人

第8章：調查方法

第9章參考文獻

Manufacturing costs for humanoid robots declined 40% year-on-year in 2025. The humanoid robots market is crossing the threshold from pilot programme to commercial deployment faster than almost any forecast predicted - driven by Chinese hardware manufacturers compressing actuator and structural costs to levels no Western manufacturer had previously approached, and by AI foundation model advances enabling generalised manipulation capability across unstructured environments. The Unitree R1 at $5,600 is not simply a product launch. It is a signal about where the humanoid robots market cost trajectory is heading and what that means for the deployment economics of every application sector.

Tesla Optimus, Figure AI, Agility Robotics Digit, and Apptronik Apollo are operating in automotive assembly plants and logistics facilities. UBTECH has announced partnerships with BYD, Geely, FAW-Volkswagen, and Foxconn. Physical Intelligence’s π0 foundation model is enabling cross-task generalisation in robotic manipulation that was not achievable twelve months ago. The humanoid robots market is no longer asking whether commercial deployment will happen - it is asking which platforms, which software stacks, and which supply chains will define the competitive structure of the sector through 2037.

Humanoid Robots Market Report 2027-2037 - Key Coverage Areas

  • Technology Architecture and Benchmarking - actuator design and performance, whole-body control systems, dexterous manipulation capability, onboard compute platforms, AI foundation model integration, and sensor fusion benchmarking across leading commercial platforms
  • Manufacturing Cost Evolution and Trajectory - detailed cost breakdown of actuator, structural, compute, sensor, and software components, the 2025 cost compression inflection point, and projected cost trajectories toward mass-market price points through the forecast period
  • AI Foundation Models for Humanoid Robots - Physical Intelligence π0, Tesla VLA, Figure Helix, and the vision-language-action model architectures enabling generalisation across diverse manipulation and locomotion tasks
  • Manufacturing Applications - automotive assembly, electronics manufacturing, semiconductor fab support, and a detailed deployment economics analysis for humanoid robots in structured manufacturing environments
  • Logistics and Warehousing Applications - order fulfilment, goods handling, trailer loading, and the unit economics of humanoid robot deployment in semi-structured warehouse environments
  • Competitive Landscape - US players (Tesla, Figure AI, Agility Robotics, Apptronik, 1X Technologies), Chinese players (Unitree, Agibot, Fourier Intelligence, UBTECH, LimX Dynamics, EngineAI), European and Japanese players with technology capability and commercial traction analysis
  • Investment Landscape - venture capital funding by company, strategic corporate investment from automotive OEMs and technology companies, and public market activity through 2027
  • Supply Chain Analysis - actuator, sensor, and compute component supply chains, the structural cost advantages of Chinese vertical integration, and key bottlenecks limiting Western scale-up
  • Regional Market Dynamics - deployment density, regulatory environment, and commercial traction across North America, China, Europe, Japan, and South Korea
  • 10-Year Forecasts - unit shipments and market value by application, platform type, and region from 2027 through 2037 under base, optimistic, and conservative scenarios

The humanoid robots market report is the definitive intelligence resource for strategic planners, investors, and technology developers tracking the most commercially consequential segment in advanced robotics.

Ideal for manufacturers, logistics operators, robotics investors, AI platform developers, and corporate innovation teams.

Humanoid robotics has moved decisively out of the demonstration phase. Where the sector was until recently characterised by viral videos and controlled-environment prototypes, it is now defined by volume manufacturing, multi-site customer installations and - for the first time - public listings. Chinese manufacturers dominate both production and consumption, having converted deep domestic supply chains in actuators, sensors, batteries and structural components into a cost position Western competitors have struggled to match. Two Chinese firms account for the majority of global shipments between them, and one has become the first humanoid manufacturer to list on a mainland exchange, giving investors direct exposure to the category and giving the industry its first audited window into unit economics.

The application mix has narrowed usefully. Early ambitions centred on general-purpose capability; commercial reality has concentrated deployment in structured industrial settings - production lines, logistics, warehousing - where tasks are clearly defined and economic value is measurable. Automotive manufacturers have emerged as the pivotal constituency, simultaneously building humanoids, buying them, and converting engine plants to robot production.

Three constraints now govern the trajectory. The first is autonomy: robots remain capable of impressive movement but limited in performing varied tasks reliably over long periods without human intervention. This has shifted competition from locomotion to intelligence, and made embodied AI foundation models - and the physical-world data required to train them - the primary battleground. Partnerships between robot manufacturers and frontier AI developers reflect that repositioning. The second is certification. No standard yet covers bipedal machines in industrial settings, which has pushed a significant cohort of manufacturers toward wheeled platforms certifiable under existing collaborative-robot and mobile-robot regimes. The third is geopolitics: the United States has restricted imports of Chinese humanoids and their components, separating the world's largest producer from one of its largest potential buyers and fragmenting what had been a single global market into distinct regional ones.

The outlook is for continued rapid volume growth alongside steep price deflation, with the balance of value migrating from finished robots toward components and software. Europe has established a credible position built on industrial partnerships and safety-led design rather than scale; Korea and Japan are entering through automotive manufacturing capacity. The decisive question for the coming decade is not whether humanoids will ship in quantity, but whether capability improves fast enough to justify the capital now committed to them.

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the humanoid robotics industry across technology, applications, markets and competitive landscape, with quantitative forecasts to 2037. It examines a sector that has moved from prototype demonstration into volume manufacturing, assessing where commercial value is being created, which architectures and business models are proving viable, and how trade restriction, certification frameworks and embodied AI development are reshaping the competitive field. Coverage spans the full value chain from actuators, reducers, bearings, sensors and computing platforms through to system integration, deployment economics and end-market adoption. Forecasts are built on reported shipment data and a three-wave adoption model spanning industrial, consumer and medical applications, with a six-year replacement cycle, and are segmented by units, revenue, region, application and component.

Contents include:

  • Executive summary - market structure, capital formation and the funding-execution paradox, regional ecosystem dynamics, trade restriction and market segmentation, three-wave adoption framework, strategic implications for leadership
  • Introduction - definitions and characteristics, historical evolution, technology readiness by application, commercialisation models and stage of development
  • Costs and economics - current and target pricing, cost breakdown by humanoid type, component cost analysis across actuators, structures, power, computing, sensors, end effectors and software, cost per labour hour, ROI timelines, production volume effects, regional cost variation, barriers to cost reduction
  • Technology and component analysis - robot design advances, critical components, intelligent control, manufacturing processes, actuators, motors, reducers, screws, bearings, arm effectors and dexterous hands, SoCs, cloud robotics, human-robot interaction, biomimetic design
  • Sensors and perception - market forecasts by sensor type, volume and supplier revenue; vision systems, cameras and LiDAR, hybrid approaches, mmWave radar, tactile and force sensors, electronic skin, auditory sensors, IMUs, proximity and range sensing, environmental and biometric sensors, encoders and position sensing, interconnect constraints, sensor fusion
  • Artificial intelligence - AI hardware and software, simulation, motion planning and control, foundation models, synthetic data generation, multi-contact planning, end-to-end and multi-modal AI
  • Power and energy management - battery technologies, energy harvesting, power distribution, thermal management, wireless charging
  • Materials - metals, polymers, composites, elastomers, smart materials, textiles, ceramics, biomaterials, nanomaterials and coatings
  • End use markets - healthcare and assistance, education and research, customer service and hospitality, entertainment, manufacturing and industry, automotive, logistics, military and defence, domestic settings
  • Market forecasts to 2037 - unified shipment forecast, replacement cycle dynamics, regional distribution, market concentration, revenues, ASP trajectory, battery capacity demand, hardware component markets
  • Company profiles - over 100 profiles covering manufacturers, component suppliers and AI developers including 1X Technologies, AeiRobot, Aeolus Robotics, Agibot (Zhiyuan Robot), Agility Robotics, AI² Robotics, AmbiRobotics, Amphenol, Andromeda, Apptronik, Axibo, Baidu, Beyond Imagination, BHRIC (Beijing Humanoid Robot Innovation Center), Boardwalk Robotics, Booster Robotics, Borg Robotics, Boston Dynamics, BridgeDP Robotics, BXI Robotics, BYD, Clone Robotics, Dataa Robotics, Deep Robotics, DeepSeek, Devanthro, Diligent Robotics, Dobot Robotics, Dreame Technology, Electron Robots, Elephant Robotics, Embodied, Enchanted Tools, EngineAI, Engineered Arts, Epoch Robotics, EX Robots, FDROBOT, Figure AI, Formic Technologies, Foundation Future Industries, Fourier Intelligence, Furhat Robotics, Galaxea AI, Galbot, Generation Robots and more......Each of the 106 company profiles includes a key-facts panel (founding year, headquarters, total funding, valuation, CEO and flagship robot), a company description, platform and technology, a product portfolio with robot specifications, 2025–2026 developments, a funding history current to October 2026 with investors, a Future Markets strategic assessment, key partners, headquarters and website.
  • Global regulations and regional market analysis

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1 2026: the year the humanoid market found its shape
  • 1.2 Capital formation: the sector is now financeable at scale
  • 1.3 Valuation context and the supply-chain thesis
  • 1.4 Three-wave adoption framework
    • 1.4.1 Wave 1 - Industrial Applications (2025-2030)
    • 1.4.2 Wave 2 - Consumer/Developer Applications (2027-2033)
    • 1.4.3 Wave 3 - Medical/Elder Care Applications (2030-2037+)
  • 1.5 Commercial Viability
  • 1.6 Regional Ecosystem Dynamics
    • 1.6.1 China: Speed, Scale, and State Direction
    • 1.6.2 North America: Vertical Integration and Proprietary Stacks
    • 1.6.3 Europe: The Trusted Humanoid Corridor
    • 1.6.4 South Korea
    • 1.6.5 Japan
  • 1.7 Trade restriction and market segmentation
  • 1.8 Automotive players are leveraging existing expertise to enter the market
  • 1.9 Current Applications and Deployment Timeline
  • 1.10 Investment Momentum and Market Forecats
    • 1.10.1 Phase 1: Dexterous Hands - The Current Imperative (2025-2027)
    • 1.10.2 Phase 2: Cost Reduction - The Volume Enabler (2026-2030)
    • 1.10.3 Phase 3: Safety & Regulatory - The Medical Gateway (2028-2035)
  • 1.11 Market Drivers and Challenges
  • 1.12 Strategic Implications for Leadership
  • 1.13 Technology Readiness and Future Outlook

2. Introduction

  • 2.1 Humanoid Robots: Definition and Characteristics
  • 2.2 Historical Overview and Evolution
  • 2.3 Current State of Humanoid Robots in
  • 2.4 The Importance of Humanoid Robots
  • 2.5 Markets and Applications (TRL)
  • 2.6 Three-Wave Framework
    • 2.6.1 Wave 1: Industrial Applications (NOW - 2025-2030)
    • 2.6.2 Wave 2: Consumer/Developer Applications (NEXT - 2027-2033)
    • 2.6.3 Wave 3: Medical/Elder Care Applications (LATER - 2030-2037+)
    • 2.6.4 Strategic Implications for Manufacturers
  • 2.7 Models and Stage of Commercial Development
  • 2.8 Investments and Funding
    • 2.8.1 The Funding-Execution Paradox
  • 2.9 Costs
    • 2.9.1 Current market pricing (2025)
    • 2.9.2 Target pricing (2026-2030)
    • 2.9.3 Cost breakdown by Humanoid Type (Updated 2025)
    • 2.9.4 Component cost analysis
    • 2.9.5 Cost evolution projections to
    • 2.9.6 Cost per labour hour analysis
    • 2.9.7 ROI Timeline Analysis
    • 2.9.8 Production volume impact on costs (2025-2037)
    • 2.9.9 Barriers to cost reduction
    • 2.9.10 Cost competitiveness analysis (2025-2037)
  • 2.10 Embodied AI models and their effect on sensor requirements
  • 2.11 Market Drivers
    • 2.11.1 Advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)
    • 2.11.2 Labour force shortages
    • 2.11.3 Labour force substitution
    • 2.11.4 Need for Personal Assistance and Companionship
    • 2.11.5 Exploration of Hazardous and Extreme Environments
  • 2.12 Challenges
    • 2.12.1 Commercial Challenges
    • 2.12.2 Technical Challenges
  • 2.13 Global regulations
  • 2.14 Market in Japan
  • 2.15 Market in United States
  • 2.16 Market in China

3. Technology and Component Analysis

  • 3.1 Advancements in Humanoid Robot Design
  • 3.2 Critical Components
  • 3.3 Intelligent Control Systems and Optimization
  • 3.4 Advanced Robotics and Automation
  • 3.5 Manufacturing
    • 3.5.1 Design and Prototyping
    • 3.5.2 Component Manufacturing
    • 3.5.3 Assembly and Integration
    • 3.5.4 Software Integration and Testing
    • 3.5.5 Quality Assurance and Performance Validation
    • 3.5.6 Challenges
  • 3.6 Brain Computer Interfaces
  • 3.7 Robotics and Intelligent Health
    • 3.7.1 Robotic Surgery and Minimally Invasive Procedures
    • 3.7.2 Rehabilitation and Assistive Robotics
    • 3.7.3 Caregiving and Assistive Robots
    • 3.7.4 Intelligent Health Monitoring and Diagnostics
    • 3.7.5 Telemedicine and Remote Health Management
    • 3.7.6 Robotics in Mental Health
  • 3.8 Micro-nano Robots
  • 3.9 Medical and Rehabilitation Robots
  • 3.10 Mechatronics and Robotics
  • 3.11 Image Processing, Robotics and Intelligent Vision
    • 3.11.1 Neural Processing Revolution
    • 3.11.2 Spatial Understanding and Navigation
    • 3.11.3 Human-Centered Vision Systems
    • 3.11.4 Learning and Adaptation
  • 3.12 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
    • 3.12.1 Overview
    • 3.12.2 AI Hardware and Software
    • 3.12.3 End-to-end AI
    • 3.12.4 Multi-modal AI algorithms
  • 3.13 Sensors and Perception Technologies
    • 3.13.1 Humanoid Robots Sensors Market
    • 3.13.2 Vision Systems
    • 3.13.3 Hybrid LiDAR-camera approaches
    • 3.13.4 Cameras and LiDAR
    • 3.13.5 Tactile and Force Sensors
    • 3.13.6 Auditory Sensors
    • 3.13.7 Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs)
    • 3.13.8 Proximity and Range Sensors
    • 3.13.9 Environmental Sensors
    • 3.13.10 Biometric Sensors
    • 3.13.11 Sensor Fusion
    • 3.13.12 Encoders and Position Sensors
    • 3.13.13 Interconnect, Harnessing and the Physical Limits of Sensor Density
  • 3.14 Power and Energy Management
    • 3.14.1 Battery Technologies
    • 3.14.2 Challenges
    • 3.14.3 Energy Harvesting and Regenerative Systems
    • 3.14.4 Power Distribution and Transmission
    • 3.14.5 Thermal Management
    • 3.14.6 Energy-Efficient Computing and Communication
    • 3.14.7 Cooling architectures
    • 3.14.8 Wireless Power Transfer and Charging
    • 3.14.9 Energy Optimization and Machine Learning
  • 3.15 Actuators
    • 3.15.1 Humanoid robot actuation systems
    • 3.15.2 Actuators in humanoid joint systems
    • 3.15.3 Energy transduction mechanism
  • 3.16 Motors
    • 3.16.1 Overview
    • 3.16.2 Frameless motors
    • 3.16.3 Brushed/Brushless Motors
    • 3.16.4 Coreless motors
  • 3.17 Reducers
    • 3.17.1 Harmonic reducers
    • 3.17.2 RV (Rotary Vector) reducers
    • 3.17.3 Planetary gear systems
  • 3.18 Screws
    • 3.18.1 Screw-based transmission systems
    • 3.18.2 Ball screw assemblies
    • 3.18.3 Planetary Roller Screws
  • 3.19 Bearings
    • 3.19.1 Overview
  • 3.20 Arm Effectors
    • 3.20.1 Overview
    • 3.20.2 Dexterous hands and tactile sensing
    • 3.20.3 Hot-swappable end effector systems
    • 3.20.4 Challenges
  • 3.21 SoCs for Humanoid Robotics
  • 3.22 Cloud Robotics and Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT)
  • 3.23 Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) and Social Robotics
  • 3.24 Biomimetic and Bioinspired Design
  • 3.25 Materials for Humanoid Robots
    • 3.25.1 New materials development
    • 3.25.2 Metals
    • 3.25.3 Shape Memory Alloys
    • 3.25.4 Plastics and Polymers
    • 3.25.5 Composites
    • 3.25.6 Elastomers
    • 3.25.7 Smart Materials
    • 3.25.8 Textiles
    • 3.25.9 Ceramics
    • 3.25.10 Biomaterials
    • 3.25.11 Nanomaterials
    • 3.25.12 Coatings
  • 3.26 Binding Skin Tissue

4. End Use Markets

  • 4.1 Market supply chain
  • 4.2 Level of commercialization
  • 4.3 Healthcare and Assistance
  • 4.4 Education and Research
  • 4.5 Customer Service and Hospitality
  • 4.6 Entertainment and Leisure
  • 4.7 Manufacturing and Industry
    • 4.7.1 Overview
    • 4.7.2 Automotive
    • 4.7.3 Logistics
    • 4.7.4 Deployments
  • 4.8 Military and Defense
  • 4.9 Personal Use and Domestic Settings

5. Global Market Size (Units and Revenues) 2024–2037

  • 5.1 Market Drivers and Labour Dynamics
  • 5.2 Unified Shipments Forecast: Three-Wave Adoption Model
    • 5.2.1 Wave 1: Industrial Applications (2025-2030)
    • 5.2.2 Wave 2: Consumer/Developer Applications (2027-2033)
    • 5.2.3 Wave 3: Medical/Elder Care Applications (2030-2037+)
  • 5.3 Replacement Cycle Dynamics
    • 5.3.1 Impact on Market Dynamics
  • 5.4 Growth Trajectory Analysis
  • 5.5 Regional Distribution Forecast
    • 5.5.1 China's Dominant Position Strengthens Over Time
  • 5.6 Market Concentration Evolution
  • 5.7 Risk Factors and Sensitivities
  • 5.8 Revenues (Total)
    • 5.8.1 Three-Wave Revenue Architecture
    • 5.8.2 Wave 2: Consumer and Developer Applications (2026-2037)
    • 5.8.3 Wave 3: Medical and Elder Care Applications (2031-2037+)
    • 5.8.4 Downside Scenarios
  • 5.9 Average Selling Price Trajectory and Drivers
    • 5.9.1 ASP Decline by Period
    • 5.9.2 Decomposing ASP Decline Factors
    • 5.9.3 ASP Variance by Wave (2036)
  • 5.10 Geographic Revenue Distribution
    • 5.10.1 Revenue by Region of Deployment
    • 5.10.2 Revenue by Region of Manufacture
    • 5.10.3 Regional Wave Composition
    • 5.10.4 Regional Forecast Risks
  • 5.11 Replacement Cycle Revenue Dynamics
    • 5.11.1 Replacement Revenue Emergence
    • 5.11.2 Wave-Specific Replacement Behaviour
    • 5.11.3 Model Retraining as a Replacement Driver
    • 5.11.4 Manufacturer Economics Improvement
  • 5.12 Market Structure and Concentration
    • 5.12.1 Concentration Evolution
    • 5.12.2 Public Market Transition
    • 5.12.3 Chinese Manufacturer Revenue Share
    • 5.12.4 Revenue Forecast Confidence Assessment
    • 5.12.5 Sensitivity Analysis
  • 5.13 Battery Capacity (GWh) Forecast
    • 5.13.1 Capacity Demand by Industry Segment
    • 5.13.2 Average Capacity per Robot
    • 5.13.3 Capacity Requirements by Application
    • 5.13.4 Forecast Drivers
  • 5.14 Hardware Components
    • 5.14.1 Component Cost per Robot
    • 5.14.2 Total Component Market Size
    • 5.14.3 Understanding the Mechanical Dominance of Humanoid BOM
    • 5.14.4 Interconnect and Harnessing
    • 5.14.5 Strategic Implications for Component Suppliers

6. Company Profiles (106 company profiles)

7. Humanoid Robots Developed by Academia

8. Research Methodology

9. References

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Global Humanoid Robot Company Distribution and Ecosystem Maturity.
  • Table 2. China Humanoid Robot Supply Chain - Component-by-Component Analysis.
  • Table 3. Humanoid Robot Computing Platform Market Share - China Market.
  • Table 4. Investment Prioritization by Development Phase and Wave Enablement.
  • Table 5. Capital Requirements and ROI Timeline by Phase.
  • Table 6. Core Components of Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 7. Classification of Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 8. Historical Overview and Evolution of Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 9. Importance of humanoid robots by end use.
  • Table 10. Markets and applications for humanoid robots and TRL.
  • Table 11. Three-Wave Adoption Model for Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 12. Wave 1 Industrial Applications - Detailed Breakdown.
  • Table 13. Wave 2 Consumer/Developer Market Segments.
  • Table 14. Wave 3 Medical Applications - Detailed Roadmap.
  • Table 15. Manufacturer Strategy by Adoption Wave.
  • Table 16. Humanoid Robots under commercial development.
  • Table 17. Comparison of major humanoid robot prototypes.
  • Table 18. Humanoid Robot investments 2023-2025.
  • Table 19. Overall Sector Funding.
  • Table 20. 2025 Expected Market Share - Funding vs. Execution.
  • Table 21. Humanoid Robot Market Share by Shipments, H1 2026.
  • Table 22. Cost Breakdown by Humanoid Type.
  • Table 23. Average Unit Cost by Robot Type (2025-2037).
  • Table 24. Year-over-Year Cost Reduction Rates (2025-2037).
  • Table 25. Component Cost Evolution (% of Total Cost, 2025-2037).
  • Table 26. Component Cost Evolution in Absolute Terms (Premium Industrial Humanoid).
  • Table 27. Human Worker Comparison (2025-2037).
  • Table 28. Comparative Labor Cost Analysis (Per Equivalent Full-Time Worker).
  • Table 29. Production Volume Impact on Humanoid Robot Unit Costs, 2025-2037.
  • Table 30. Impact of Volume on Unit Costs.
  • Table 31. Regional Production Capacity Projections (2036).
  • Table 32. Technical Barriers (Current Status and 2036 Outlook).
  • Table 33. Break-Even Analysis Evolution.
  • Table 34. Market drivers for humanoid robots.
  • Table 35. Market challenges for humanoid robots.
  • Table 36. Technical challenges for humanoid robots.
  • Table 37. Global regulatory landscape for humanoid robots.
  • Table 38. Performance Parameters of Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 39. Common Actuators in Humanoid Robotics.
  • Table 40. Advanced Vision Technology Performance Comparison.
  • Table 41. Neural Architecture Performance Metrics.
  • Table 42. Sensor Fusion Technologies.
  • Table 43. Software and Functions in Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 44. Sensors and Perception Technologies for humanoid robotics.
  • Table 45. Average sensor count per humanoid robot, 2027, 2032 and 2037.
  • Table 46. Annual sensor unit volumes for humanoid robots, 2027 and 2037 (millions of units).
  • Table 47. Annual humanoid sensor supplier revenue, 2027–2037.
  • Table 48. Humanoid sensor supplier revenue by category, 2027 and 2037 (US$ million).
  • Table 49. Sensor cost per humanoid robot by category, 2027 and 2037 (US$).
  • Table 50. Humanoid sensor supplier revenue by region of manufacture, 2027–2037 (US$ million).
  • Table 51. Sensor bill of materials by platform architecture, 2030 (US$ per robot).
  • Table 52. Comparison of LiDAR, Cameras, and 1D/3D Ultrasonic Sensors.
  • Table 53. Categorization of LiDAR in Humanoids.
  • Table 54. LiDAR Costs.
  • Table 55. LiDAR Costs in Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 56. Tactile and force sensors for humanoid robots,.
  • Table 57. Benchmarking Tactile Sensors by Technology.
  • Table 58. Challenges of Tactile Sensors and Electronic Skins.
  • Table 59. Tactile node demand by hand articulation class.
  • Table 60. Comparison of tactile market segments, 2037.
  • Table 61. Six-axis force-torque sensor demand by mounting position, 2027 and 2037.
  • Table 62. Auditory sensors for humanoid robots.
  • Table 63. Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) for humanoid robots.
  • Table 64. Key characteristics of proximity and range sensors commonly used in humanoid robots.
  • Table 65. Environmental Sensors for humanoid robots.
  • Table 66. Biometric sensors commonly used in humanoid robots:.
  • Table 67. Humanoid Robot Sensor Systems - Current State and Evolution.
  • Table 68. Power and Energy Management in Humanoid Robotics.- Integrated Systems Overview.
  • Table 69. Energy Management Strategies for Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 70. Advanced Power Management Technologies.
  • Table 71. Battery technologies for humanoid robotics.
  • Table 72. Battery Capacity per Humanoid Robot for Industrial Applications.
  • Table 73. Humanoid Batteries - Parameters Comparison.
  • Table 74. Challenges of Batteries in Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 75. Energy Harvesting and Regenerative Systems in Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 76. Power Distribution and Transmission Techniques in Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 77. Thermal Management Techniques for Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 78. Energy-Efficient Computing and Communication Techniques for Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 79. Wireless Power Transfer and Charging for Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 80. Actuator Components.
  • Table 81. Actuator Types.
  • Table 82. Pros and Cons Comparison.
  • Table 83. Joint Application Matrix.
  • Table 84. Comparison of Electric, Hydraulic, and Pneumatic Actuators.
  • Table 85. Actuator challenges.
  • Table 86. Direct Drive vs. Geared Comparison.
  • Table 87. Motors for Commercial Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 88. Benefits and Drawbacks of Coreless Motors.
  • Table 89. Benchmarking of Reducers.
  • Table 90. Bearings for Humanoids.
  • Table 91. Actuation Methods of Humanoid's Hands.
  • Table 92. Technical barriers of humanoid's hands.
  • Table 93. Key aspects of Cloud Robotics and Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT) for humanoid robotics.
  • Table 94. Examples of Biomimetic Design for Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 95. Examples of Bioinspired Design for Humanoid Robots.
  • Table 96. Types of metals commonly used in humanoid robots.
  • Table 97. Types of plastics and polymers commonly used in humanoid robots.
  • Table 98. PEEK - Costs and Technical Properties.
  • Table 99. Types of composites commonly used in humanoid.
  • Table 100. Types of elastomers commonly used in humanoid robots.
  • Table 101. Types of smart materials in humanoid robotics.
  • Table 102. Types of textiles commonly used in humanoid robots.
  • Table 103. Types of ceramics commonly used in humanoid robots.
  • Table 104. Biomaterials commonly used in humanoid robotics.
  • Table 105. Types of nanomaterials used in humanoid robotics.
  • Table 106. Types of coatings used in humanoid robotics.
  • Table 107. Industry Segment Adoption Timeline.
  • Table 108. Level of commercialization of humanoid robots by application.
  • Table 109. Market Drivers in healthcare and assistance.
  • Table 110. Applications of humanoid robots in healthcare and assistance.
  • Table 111. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Table; humanoid robots in healthcare and assistance.
  • Table 112. Market Drivers in education and research.
  • Table 113. Applications of humanoid robots in education and research.
  • Table 114. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for humanoid robots in education and research.
  • Table 115. Education, Research & Developer Platform Market - 2025 Competitive Landscape.
  • Table 116. Market Drivers in Customer Service and Hospitality.
  • Table 117. Applications of humanoid robots in Customer Service and Hospitality.
  • Table 118. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for humanoid robots in Customer Service and Hospitality.
  • Table 119. Market Drivers in Entertainment and Leisure.
  • Table 120. Applications of humanoid robots in Entertainment and Leisure.
  • Table 121. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for humanoid robots in Entertainment and Leisure.
  • Table 122. Market Drivers manufacturing and industry.
  • Table 123. Applications for humanoid robots in manufacturing and industry.
  • Table 124. Major Humanoid Robot Partnerships and Pilot Programs (2023-2025).
  • Table 125. Demonstration-Only (No Confirmed Commercial Deployments):.
  • Table 126. Humanoid Robots in the Automotive Sector.
  • Table 127. Implementation of humanoids in automotive manufacturing.
  • Table 128. Humanoid robots in the logistics industry.
  • Table 129. Timeline of Tasks Handled by Humanoid Robots in Logistics.
  • Table 130. Market Drivers in Military and Defense.
  • Table 131. Applications for humanoid robots in Military and Defense.
  • Table 132. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for humanoid robots in Military and Defense.
  • Table 133. Market Drivers in Personal Use and Domestic Settings.
  • Table 134. Applications in humanoid robots in Personal Use and Domestic Settings.
  • Table 135. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) humanoid robots in Personal Use and Domestic Settings.
  • Table 136. Global humanoid robot shipments, 2025–2037 (units).
  • Table 137. Replacement Cycle Mechanics.
  • Table 138. Regional Shipments Distribution 2025-2037.
  • Table 139. Global Humanoid Robot Market Revenue 2024-2037, Unified Forecast.
  • Table 140. Global Humanoid Robot Market Revenue Forecast by Wave, 2024-2037 (US$ million).
  • Table 141. Humanoid Robot Shipments by Wave, 2025-2037 (units).
  • Table 142. Humanoid Robot Average Selling Price by Wave, 2025-2037 (US$).
  • Table 143. Revenue Scenarios, 2030 and 2037.
  • Table 144. Humanoid Robot Average Selling Price Trajectory 2025-2037 (US$).
  • Table 145. Global Humanoid Robot Revenue by Region of Deployment, 2025-2037.
  • Table 146. Revenue per Unit by Region of Deployment, 2025-2037 (US$).
  • Table 147. Global Humanoid Robot Revenue by Region of Manufacturer, 2025-2037.
  • Table 148. Manufacturer Revenue Share versus Unit Share, 2026 and 2037.
  • Table 149. Regional Revenue by Wave, 2037 (share of regional total).
  • Table 150. Replacement Demand and Revenue Contribution, 2031-2037.
  • Table 151. Estimated Company Revenue Distribution, 2025.
  • Table 152. Market Concentration Evolution, 2025-2037.
  • Table 153. Humanoid Robot Battery Capacity Demand Forecast, 2025-2037 (GWh).
  • Table 154. Humanoid Robot Battery Capacity Demand by Industry Segment, 2037 (GWh).
  • Table 155. Average Battery Capacity per Humanoid Robot, 2025-2037 (kWh).
  • Table 156. Battery Capacity Requirements by Application Category, 2037.
  • Table 157. Average Component Cost per Humanoid Robot, 2025-2037 (US$).
  • Table 158. Component Cost Share Evolution, 2025-2037.
  • Table 159. Humanoid Robot Hardware Component Market Size Forecast, 2025-2037, Base Case (US$ million).
  • Table 160. Component Market Share by Category, 2025-2037.
  • Table 161. Hardware Component Market Size, Conservative and Optimistic Scenarios (US$ million).
  • Table 162. Breakdown of Semiconductor Content (US$4,960 total in 2025).
  • Table 163. Humanoid robot companies profiled in this report, by region.
  • Table 164. Humanoid Robots Developed by Academia.

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Core components of a humanoid robot.
  • Figure 2. Status of humanoid robots.
  • Figure 3. Humanoid robot for railroad maintenance to be implemented by West Japan Railway Co.
  • Figure 4. Historical progression of humanoid robots.
  • Figure 5. Event-based cameras.
  • Figure 6. Humanoid Robots Market Supply Chain.
  • Figure 7. NEO.
  • Figure 8. Alice: A bipedal walking humanoid robot from AeiRobot.
  • Figure 9. RAISE-A1.
  • Figure 10. Digit humanoid robot.
  • Figure 11. Apptronik Apollo.
  • Figure 12. Alex.
  • Figure 13. BR002.
  • Figure 14. Atlas.
  • Figure 15. XR-4.
  • Figure 16. Deep Robotics all weather robot.
  • Figure 17. Dreame Technology's second-generation bionic robot dog and general-purpose humanoid robot.
  • Figure 18. Mercury X1.
  • Figure 19. Mirokai robots.
  • Figure 20. Ameca.
  • Figure 21. Prototype Ex-Robots humanoid robots.
  • Figure 22. Figure.ai humanoid robot.
  • Figure 23. Figure 02 humanoid robot.
  • Figure 24. GR-1.
  • Figure 25. Sophia.
  • Figure 26. Honda ASIMO.
  • Figure 27. HMND 01 Alpha.
  • Figure 28. Kaleido.
  • Figure 29. Forerunner.
  • Figure 30. Kuafu.
  • Figure 31. CL-1.
  • Figure 32. MagicHand S01.
  • Figure 33. Bumi robot.
  • Figure 34. Tora-One.
  • Figure 35. PUDU D9.
  • Figure 36. HUBO2.
  • Figure 37. XBot-L.
  • Figure 38. Sanctuary AI Phoenix.
  • Figure 39. Pepper Humanoid Robot.
  • Figure 40. Astribot S1.
  • Figure 41. Tesla Optimus Gen 2.
  • Figure 42. Toyota T-HR3.
  • Figure 43. UBTECH Walker.
  • Figure 44. G1 foldable robot.
  • Figure 45. Unitree H1.
  • Figure 46. WANDA.
  • Figure 47. CyberOne.
  • Figure 48. PX5.
  • Figure 49. Q Family robots from the Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences.