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2123173

全球電動垂直起降飛行器和先進空中運輸市場（2027-2037 年）

The Global eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility Market 2027-2037
出版日期: | 出版商: Future Markets, Inc. | 英文 692 Pages, 265 Tables, 59 Figures | 訂單完成後即時交付

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電動垂直起降（eVTOL）和先進空中運輸（AAM）市場是一個新興的航空領域，其核心是安靜的電動飛機，專為在低空空域運輸人員和貨物而設計。 AAM的應用範圍廣泛，包括都市區空中計程車、城際和區域連接、貨物運輸和物流以及醫療和緊急救援服務，預計將提供一種新的交通方式，與現有的公路、鐵路和傳統航空網路形成互補。經過一段時間的密集試驗，該領域正圍繞著幾家值得信賴的研發公司進行整合，這些公司正在推進飛機型號合格證的認證流程，整個行業也正從示範階段邁向早期商業運營階段。

這個概念基於多種技術的融合，包括高密度電池、電動馬達和分散式推進系統、輕質複合材料結構，以及日益精確的自主技術、航空電子設備和軟體。然而，要大規模實現這一目標，基礎設施和監管以及飛機本身都至關重要。垂直起降場、充電設施和電網連接、空中交通管理和空域整合以及公眾接受度——所有這些因素都將決定這項服務的擴展速度。在營運方面，初期部署將專注於短途、受天氣影響的接駁交通途徑。隨著成本的降低和自主技術的成熟，預計將建立更廣泛的網路。

政府支持是決定性的力量，日本堪稱先驅典範。在日本近期獲準的「國家成長戰略」中，電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）被定位為選定的戰略性航空航太領域的關鍵技術之一，政府將協調公共投資，用於研發、示範設施建設和供應鏈發展，同時優先發展日本在小型輕型飛機領域的優勢，用於城市交通和旅遊航線。該策略也強調認證專業知識和國際標準化，顯示日本不僅致力於遵守規則，更致力於主導全球規則的發展。世界各地也出現了類似的趨勢。中國已將低空經濟發展納入修訂後的「民用航空法」，並簡化了空域准入流程。美國正在推進動力升降機的綜合試驗計畫和相關法規。歐洲已製定專門的認證規範。海灣國家也在支持旗艦計畫的推出。這些努力共同降低了投資風險，加快了認證進程，並促進了基礎設施建設。

因此，市場正處於轉折點。隨著財力雄厚的飛機研發公司數量不斷增加、供應商和基礎設施生態系統日趨成熟，以及前所未有的政策支持，先進空中運輸正從概念階段邁向實用化。這一轉變的速度和地理範圍將在很大程度上取決於認證進展、基礎設施建設以及政府持續投入之間的相互作用。

「2027-2037年全球電動垂直起降飛行器和先進空中空中運輸市場報告」對電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）和先進空中運輸（AAM）領域從認證階段到早期商業運營的整個市場和技術進行了全面評估。該報告考察了整個生態系統，涵蓋了從飛機架構和設計、應用案例和航線經濟性、總擁有成本、資金籌措和經營模式、供應商基礎、法規和檢驗，到大規模運營所需的物理和數位基礎設施等各個方面。

此外，報告還對支撐垂直起降飛行器實現的各項技術進行了詳細分析，包括電池、充電標準和能源基礎設施、燃料電池和混合動力傳動系統、馬達和推進系統、複合材料和輕量化技術、自主飛行、航空電子設備和軟體。報告也特別用章節探討了垂直起降機場和地面基礎設施、空中交通管理和空域整合、公眾輿論和社會接受度，以及與鄰近市場的整合。除了區域市場分析和直至2037年的詳細預測外，報告中還包含了涵蓋整個價值鏈的眾多公司的概況。

本報告反映了該行業近期發生的結構性重組、少數值得信賴的先行者的崛起、政府支持力度的加大、認證流程的不斷完善，以及圍繞盈利基礎設施開發展開的戰略競爭。報告旨在為原始設備製造商 (OEM)、供應商、投資者、營運商、公共產業開發商、公用事業公司、監管機構和政策制定者提供嚴謹且最新的市場未來走向展望。

目錄包括：

  • 摘要整理及市場展望
  • 電動垂直起降飛行器和先進空中運輸的引入
  • eVTOL架構與設計
  • 旅行用例和路線最佳化
  • 總擁有成本 (TCO) 和經濟分析
  • 資金籌措、投資和經營模式
  • 航太和汽車零件供應商：電動垂直起降飛行器相關舉措
  • eVTOL OEM市場參與企業- 公司簡介
  • 支持電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）研發的計畫和舉措
  • 電動垂直起降飛行器電池
  • 充電標準與能源基礎設施
  • 燃料電池和混合動力電動垂直起降飛行器
  • 電動機和推進系統
  • 複合材料和輕量化
  • 自主飛行、航空電子設備和軟體
  • 監管與認證
  • 垂直起降場與地面基礎設施
  • 空中交通管理和空域一體化
  • 公眾輿論、安全與社會接受度
  • 與鄰近市場的融合
  • 區域市場分析
  • 2026-2037年市場預測
  • 結論、公司簡介、附錄與參考文獻

本次重點介紹的公司包括：Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen), Archer Aviation, AutoFlight, AltoVolo, Ascendance Flight Technologies, Bell Textron (Nexus), BETA Technologies, CycloTech, Doroni Aerospace, Dufour Aerospace, EHang, Honda, ERC System, Eve Air Mobility, Jaunt Air Mobility, Joby Aviation, Lilium, Overair, SkyDrive, Supernal (Hyundai), Varon Vehicles, TCab Tech, Vertical Aerospace, Vertaxi, Volant Aerotech, Wisk Aero, XPeng AeroHT, Yivtol, Zuri, Volocopter, Diehl Aviation, GE Aerospace, Honeywell Aerospace Technologies, Rolls-Royce, RTX Corporation (Collins Aerospace & Pratt & Whitney), Safran Group, Amprius Technologies, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. (CATL), IONBLOX, Lyten, QuantumScape, Saft (TotalEnergies), SES AI (SolidEnergy Systems)等。

第1章摘要整理

第2章：eVTOL與先進空中運輸概述

  • 什麼是eVTOL飛行器？
  • 從城市空中運輸（UAM）到先進空中運輸（AAM）
  • 分散式電力推進：一個可行的概念
  • AAM網路的優勢
  • eVTOL 的用途：空中計程車、貨物運輸、空中救護、軍事用途。
  • 目前通用飛機：直升機和固定翼飛機
  • 為什麼直升機不適合大規模城市空中運輸（UAM）
  • 全球直升機擁有量和通用航空市場規模
  • 哪些因素使得電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）的實現成為可能？
  • AAM的價值鏈與新生態系統
  • 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）空中計程車面臨的主要挑戰、問題和限制因素
  • 美國國家航空暨太空總署：城市空中交通的挑戰與局限性
  • eVTOL飛機的世界目錄和地理分佈
  • 主要電動垂直起降飛行器架構概述
  • 選擇電動垂直起降飛行器架構：權衡與考量
  • 多旋翼機/旋翼飛行器：飛行模式、主要製造商、規格、優缺點
  • 升力巡航：飛行模式、主要公司、規格、優勢和劣勢
  • 向量推力傾轉翼機：飛行模式、關鍵零件、規格、優缺點
  • 向量推力傾傾斜式旋翼：飛行模式、主要製造商、規格、優缺點
  • 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）設計中的航程與巡航速度比較
  • 結構對懸浮升力效率、圓盤載荷和巡航效率的影響
  • 複雜性、重要性和巡航性能
  • eVTOL架構的比較評估
  • 載人與無人電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）試飛進展
  • 全尺寸示範機和符合型號要求的飛機的狀況

第4章：行程應用案例與路線最佳化

  • 電動垂直起降飛行器 (eVTOL) 相對於地面交通工具具有競爭優勢的領域
  • 都市區個人交通服務：電動垂直起降飛行器 (eVTOL) 與計程車/叫車服務 (8-16 公里) 的比較
  • 農村地區個人交通服務：電動垂直起降飛機 (eVTOL) 與私家車 (16-40 公里) 的比較
  • 農村地區的共乘：電動垂直起降飛行器 (eVTOL) 與多輛私家車（40-80 公里）
  • 區域間短程運輸：eVTOL 與鐵路的比較（100-160 公里）
  • 貨運：eVTOL 與道路運輸的比較（中距離運輸，50-100 公里）
  • 空中救護：使用電動垂直起降飛行器和直升機提供緊急救援服務（60-100公里）
  • 多旋翼機電動垂直起降飛行器與無人駕駛計程車的比較：10公里、40公里和100公里行駛距離的比較。
  • 向量推力電動垂直起降飛行器對比無人計程車：100公里旅程
  • 空中計程車時間優勢的關鍵因素
  • 關於空中計程車節省時間及可行應用案例的結論
  • eVTOL作為城市公共交通解決方案：可行性評估

第5章 總擁有成本與經濟分析

  • TCO分析調查方法
  • eVTOL（電動垂直起降飛行器）與直升機的營運成本比較
  • 電動垂直起降（eVTOL）飛機的初步成本分析（範圍：300萬英鎊至500萬英鎊）
  • 降低電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）的運作燃料成本的影響
  • 自主飛行的經濟價值
  • 整體擁有成本分析：美國電動垂直起降計程車（每50公里行程，基準狀況）
  • 總擁有成本分析：美國多旋翼機電動垂直起降飛行器設計，每飛行15公里
  • 敏感度分析：電池成本和性能
  • 敏感度分析：初始成本/基礎設施成本
  • 敏感度分析：平均行程距離
  • 敏感度分析：電動垂直起降飛行器初始投資成本的增加或減少
  • 敏感度分析：減少飛行時間，增加轉移到垂直起降場的時間。
  • 敏感度分析：自動駕駛能力的提前實現（2030 年 vs. 2035 年）
  • 社會經濟影響評估：直接和間接效益

第6章資金籌措、投資與經營模式

  • 空中運輸資金籌措現況：歷史趨勢與當前趨勢
  • 電動垂直起降（eVTOL）飛機製造商進行大規模資金籌措。
  • 策略投資者：航太和汽車原始設備製造商
  • eVTOL製造商必須應對更具挑戰性的投資環境。
  • 電動垂直起降飛行器的商業性前景：預訂單和意向書
  • 典型經營模式：系統提供者、服務供應商、硬體提供者、票務仲介
  • OEM模式與垂直整合模式
  • 整合與淘汰展望
  • 新製造設施和生產計畫
  • 面向製造的設計 (DfM) 和大規模生產的挑戰

第7章航太和汽車零件供應商：eVTOL活動

  • 航太公司參與電動垂直起降飛行器項目
    • RTX Corporation
    • General Electric
    • SAFRAN
    • Rolls-Royce
    • Honeywell
  • 汽車原始設備製造商的參與
  • 複合材料供應商
  • 供應鏈結構：內部自有模式與外部外包模式

第8章：電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）OEM市場的主要參與者－公司簡介

  • Joby Aviation
  • Archer Aviation (and Stellantis Partnership)
  • Lilium
  • Volocopter (VoloCity)
  • Vertical Aerospace
  • EHang
  • Wisk Aero
  • Eve Air Mobility (Embraer)
  • Supernal (Hyundai)
  • Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen)
  • SkyDrive
  • Autoflight (Prosperity I)
  • Jaunt Air Mobility
  • Honda eVTOL
  • 其他 OEM 設定檔
  • 各玩家計劃產能比較
  • OEM的主要供應商夥伴關係

第9章：支持電動垂直起降飛行器發展的計畫和舉措

  • Uber Elevate Legacy 和 Joby Aviation
  • 美國空軍：敏捷先鋒
  • 美國國家航空暨太空總署：先進空中機動任務與國家級宣傳活動
  • ADP集團eVTOL測試區（巴黎2024年後）
  • 電動垂直起降飛行器智慧財產權及法律糾紛
  • 中國的無人民用航空區和低空經濟舉措
  • 支持中國城市航太產業的有利政策與法規
  • K-UAM 大挑戰：韓國
  • 英國未來飛行挑戰賽（FFC）和民航局的努力
  • NEOM 和 AAM 在中東的投資
  • Varon 車輛：拉丁美洲的 UAM
  • 全球城市空中運輸雷達：超過110個項目

第10章：電動垂直起降飛行器電池

  • 關於電動垂直起降飛行器電池的詳細資訊：電池難題
  • EVTOL電池需求清單及要求
  • 重力能量密度（Wh/kg）在航空領域的重要性
  • 電動垂直起降飛行器鋰離子正負極性能基準測試
  • 鋰離子電池發展史：技術演進與性能
  • 矽陽極在電動垂直起降飛行器應用的潛力
  • 關於航太電池組尺寸選擇和能量密度的考慮因素。
  • 主要電動垂直起降飛行器製造商的電池規格
  • eVTOL電池：比能量和放電率
  • 從電池到封裝和模組的消除方法
  • 超越鋰離子電池：飛機用鋰硫電池
  • 超越鋰離子電池：鋰金屬電池和固態固態電池（SSB）
  • 固態電池開發公司
  • 寧德時代最先進的濃縮電池概念
  • 電池技術發展預測：2026-2037（Wh/kg藍圖）
  • 電動垂直起降飛行器的電池化學成分比較：NMC、NCA、LFP、SSB、Li-S
  • 快速電池充電、電池更換和分散式模組
  • 電動垂直起降飛行器電池的成本分析及未來前景
  • eVTOL電池供應鏈
  • 主要電池供應商
  • 電動垂直起降飛行器電池需求預測（2026-2037 年）（GWh）
  • eVTOL電池市場收入預測（2026-2037）（10,000美元）

第11章 電動垂直起降飛行器充電標準與能源基礎設施

  • AAM市場中相互競爭的充電標準
  • 全球電動飛機充電系統（GEACS）
  • Beta Technologies充電系統（基於CCS）
  • EPS充電解決方案
  • 垂直起降飛機充電所需的電網需求
  • 適用於偏遠垂直起降場的離網和可再生能源解決方案
  • 垂直起降場電力需求分解：分配與充電
  • 垂直起降飛機的電氣設備要求和單線圖
  • 充電技術、充電器類型和使用週期
    • 充電器類型和架構
    • 充電循環次數、C倍率、佔空比曲線
  • 對電網、電能品質和加固要求的影響
    • 可再生和分散式能源的整合
  • 現場儲能和運作彈性
  • 電氣標準和法規結構
  • 市值：PAM 和 SAM（不含中國）
  • 區域市場（不包括中國）
  • 按應用分類的市場
  • 生態系中的參與者與競爭定位
  • 基礎設施和價值鏈
  • 潛在機會：關鍵解決方案與買家

第12章 燃料電池和混合動力電動垂直起降飛行器

  • 航空領域的氫能利用方案
  • 氫動力飛機所需的關鍵系統
  • 用於電動垂直起降飛行器的質子交換膜燃料電池
  • 氫動力航空公司的未來
  • 燃料電池動力電動垂直起降飛行器：主要參與者和規格
  • 阻礙氫能航空發展的挑戰
  • 關於氫燃料電池電動垂直起降飛行器的結論
  • 混合動力推進系統：串聯和並聯架構
  • 混合系統的最佳化
  • 純電續航里程與燃料電池和混合動力傳動系統對比
  • 混合動力推進：渦輪引擎和活塞引擎
  • 本田eVTOL混合動力推進系統
  • 關於混合型電動垂直起降飛行器的結論

第13章：電動機與推進系統

  • 電動垂直起降飛行器馬達/動力傳動系統的要求
  • 電動垂直起降飛機馬達輸出功率選擇和千瓦估算
  • 電動馬達和分散式電力推進系統
  • eVTOL設計所需的馬達數量
  • 電動機設計：牽引電動機類型概述
  • 馬達效率比較：永磁同步馬達 (PMSM) 與無刷直流馬達 (BLDC)
  • 徑向磁通馬達與軸向磁通馬達的比較
  • 為什麼軸向磁通馬達？
  • 軸向磁通馬達廠商及基準測試結果列表
  • 主要汽車供應商
  • 功率密度和扭力密度的比較：飛機引擎
  • 電力電子：用於電動垂直起降飛行器的碳化矽MOSFET和高壓平台

第14章：複合材料與輕量化

  • 減輕重量在電動垂直起降飛行器設計的重要性
  • 輕質材料比較
  • 複合材料簡介：纖維、樹脂和增強材料
  • 用於電動垂直起降（eVTOL）飛機的碳纖維增強聚合物（CFRP）
  • 玻璃纖維和熱塑性複合材料
  • 電動垂直起降飛行器複合材料的要求
  • 複合材料製造商的供應鏈
  • 主要電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）複合材料夥伴關係
  • 複合材料在大規模生產電動垂直起降飛行器的主要挑戰

第15章 自主性、航空電子設備與軟體

  • 從載人飛行到自主電動垂直起降飛行器的藍圖
  • 飛行員需求與技能水準趨勢：2026-2037 年
  • 檢測與規避（DAA）系統
  • 超視距（BVLOS）功能
  • 人工智慧驅動的自主飛行系統
  • 以電動垂直起降飛行器為導向的軟體定義方法：從向汽車軟體定義飛行器過渡中汲取的經驗教訓
  • 用於電動垂直起降飛行器的感測器融合和感知系統
  • 關於網路安全和反制措施的考量

第16章 監理與認證

  • eVTOL認證現況概述
  • 歐洲航空安全局（EASA）
  • EASA 特殊條件：SC-VTOL 與認證類別
  • EASA EUROCAE工作小組
  • 獲得美國聯邦航空管理局（FAA）認證的過程
  • 中國民用航空局（CAAC）與低空經濟政策
  • 英國民航局 (CAA) 與 FFC 和 EASA/FAA 之間的合作
  • 國家航空管理局（NAA）網路：英國、澳洲、加拿大、紐西蘭、美國
  • 設計機構核准（DOA）和製造機構核准（POA）
  • 航空承運人許可證 (AOC) 和航空公司監管要求
  • 致力於電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）研發和監管批准的公司：狀態追蹤器
  • 飛行員執照和訓練要求的演變
  • 有關噪音、環境和安全的法規
  • 首批電動垂直起降飛行計程車何時推出？評估延期計劃。

第17章 垂直起降場與地面基礎設施

  • eVTOL基礎設施需求：概述
  • 垂直起降場概念：從基本停車區到全方位服務樞紐
  • 垂直埠節點網路設計
  • 開發垂直起降場的公司
  • 垂直起降場設計概念
  • Lilium 可擴充垂直轉運
  • Beta Technologies 充電板
  • EHang E-Port
  • Bertiport面臨的技術挑戰：房地產、建築許可證和多樣化的住宿設施。
  • 垂直起降場安全：生物識別、行李處理、無人機對抗措施
  • 垂直起降場預測：2026年至2037年所需設施數量
  • 「先有雞還是先有蛋」的問題：在獲得飛機適航認證之前就建造垂直起降場。

第18章 空中交通管理與空域整合

  • 城市空中交通管理（UATM）對電動垂直起降飛行器的要求
  • UTM/ATM 整合：載人與無人交通運輸的整合
  • NASA/FAA UAM 運作概念 (ConOps)
  • 歐洲UTM框架和標準化
  • 通訊基礎設施：5G、低延遲網路、冗餘
  • 數位基礎設施和無人機營運中心
  • UTM標準的碎片化

第19章 公眾認知、安全與社會接納

  • 社會對成人替代醫學（AAM）的接受度：調查數據和趨勢
  • EASA 意識調查
  • 英國民眾對無人機和空對空飛彈的看法
  • 安全保障方面的考慮
  • 噪音影響和當地社區的擔憂
  • 建構社會接納：參與策略與政府舉措
  • 商業無人機運作在航空業未來正常化進程中的作用

第20章：與鄰近市場的融合

  • 電動垂直起降飛行器及更廣泛的無人機市場：平台融合
  • 貨運無人機和大型自主飛機
  • 電動常規起降飛機（eCTOL）
  • 軟體定義汽車和跨界技術
  • 自動駕駛車輛（機器人計程車）的競爭與互補
  • 綜合多式聯運與交通行動服務(MaaS)
  • 低空經濟：中國的戰略框架

第21章 區域市場分析

  • 北美洲：美國和加拿大
  • 歐洲：歐盟、英國、歐洲自由貿易聯盟
  • 亞太地區：中國、韓國、日本、東南亞、澳大利亞
  • 中東：阿拉伯聯合大公國、沙烏地阿拉伯（新城）、海灣國家
  • 拉丁美洲
  • 非洲
  • 區域監管比較和市場准入時間表

第22章 市場預測 2026–2037

  • 預測性調查方法與前提條件
  • 全球電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）空中計程車銷售預測（2026-2037）（數量）
  • 按地區和經濟規模分類的電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）銷售預測（單位：架）
  • 按建築類型分類的電動垂直起降飛行器 (eVTOL) 銷售預測
  • eVTOL依應用領域（空中計程車、貨物運輸、空中救護、軍事）的銷售預測
  • 替換需求與新需求：車輛生命週期分析
  • 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）空中計程車電池需求預測（2026-2037 年）（GWh）
  • 電動垂直起降飛行器市場收入預測（2026-2037 年）（1 億美元）
  • 垂直起降場部署預測（2026-2037 年）
  • 勞動力和飛行員需求預測（2026-2037 年）

第23章 結論

  • 市場展望概要
  • 主要發現
  • 策略建議

第24章 公司簡介

  • eVTOL（電動垂直起降）飛機製造商的公司簡介 -
  • 6 家在航太領域營運 eVTOL 業務的一級供應商簡介。
  • 電池和儲能設備供應商（12家公司簡介）
  • 電機和推進系統供應商（8 家公司簡介）
  • 複合材料和輕量化技術供應商（​​4家公司簡介）
  • 垂直起降場和基礎設施開發公司（5家公司簡介）
  • 空中交通管制和數位基礎設施提供者（6 家公司簡介）
  • 汽車製造商投資電動垂直起降飛行器（6家公司簡介）
  • 飛機租賃和飛機營運公司
  • 貨運無人機及空對空飛彈聯合裝備公司（5家公司簡介）
  • 充電基礎設施供應商（2家公司簡介）
  • 氫燃料電池系統供應商（3家公司簡介）

第25章附錄

第26章 參考文獻

The electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) and advanced air mobility (AAM) market represents an emerging aviation category built around quiet, electrically powered aircraft designed to move people and cargo through low-altitude airspace. Spanning urban air taxis, intercity and regional connections, cargo and logistics, and medical and emergency services, AAM promises a new layer of transport that complements existing road, rail and conventional aviation networks. After a period of intense experimentation, the sector has consolidated around a smaller group of credible developers whose aircraft are progressing through type certification, moving the industry from demonstration toward early commercial operation.

The proposition rests on a convergence of enabling technologies: high-density batteries, electric motors and distributed propulsion, lightweight composite structures, and increasingly capable autonomy, avionics and software. Realising it at scale, however, depends as much on infrastructure and institutions as on aircraft - vertiports, charging and grid connections, air-traffic management and airspace integration, and public acceptance all shape how quickly service can expand. Operationally, early deployments are converging on short, fair-weather shuttle missions that replace or augment helicopter and premium ground transport, with broader networks expected to follow as costs fall and autonomy matures.

Government support has become a decisive force, and Japan offers a leading example. Its recently approved national growth strategy designates eVTOLs a key technology within a select group of strategic aviation and space fields, backing them with coordinated public investment in research, demonstration facilities and supply-chain development, and prioritising domestic strengths in compact, lightweight aircraft for urban-transit and tourism routes. The strategy also emphasises certification expertise and international standardisation, signalling an intent to shape global rules rather than merely follow them. Comparable momentum is evident worldwide: China has embedded low-altitude economic development in revised civil-aviation legislation and streamlined airspace access; the United States is advancing integration pilot programmes and powered-lift rules; Europe has established dedicated certification specifications; and Gulf states are underwriting flagship launches. Together these interventions de-risk investment, accelerate certification and catalyse infrastructure.

The market therefore sits at an inflection point. A narrowing field of well-capitalised aircraft developers, a maturing supplier and infrastructure ecosystem, and unprecedented policy backing are aligning to move advanced air mobility from ambition toward operational reality. The pace and geography of that transition will be determined largely by the interplay of certification progress, infrastructure readiness and sustained government commitment.

The Global eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility Market 2027-2037 is a comprehensive market and technology assessment of the electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) and advanced air mobility (AAM) sector as it transitions from certification to early commercial operation. The report examines the full ecosystem - aircraft architectures and design, use cases and route economics, total cost of ownership, funding and business models, the supplier base, regulation and certification, and the physical and digital infrastructure required to operate at scale.

It provides an in-depth analysis of the enabling technology stack, including batteries, charging standards and energy infrastructure, fuel-cell and hybrid powertrains, electric motors and propulsion, composite materials and lightweighting, and autonomy, avionics and software. Dedicated chapters address vertiport and ground infrastructure, air-traffic management and airspace integration, public perception and social licence, and convergence with adjacent markets. Regional market analysis and detailed forecasts run through 2037, complemented by extensive company profiles across the value chain.

The report reflects the sector's recent consolidation and the emergence of a small group of credible front-runners, alongside intensifying government support, evolving certification pathways, and the strategic contest to build bankable infrastructure. It is intended for OEMs, suppliers, investors, operators, infrastructure developers, utilities, regulators and policymakers seeking a rigorous, current view of where the market is heading.

Contents include:

  • Executive summary and market outlook
  • Introduction to eVTOL and advanced air mobility
  • eVTOL architectures and design
  • Journey use cases and route optimisation
  • Total cost of ownership and economic analysis
  • Funding, investment, and business models
  • Aerospace and automotive suppliers: eVTOL activity
  • eVTOL OEM market players - company profiles
  • Programs and initiatives supporting eVTOL development
  • Batteries for eVTOL
  • Charging standards and energy infrastructure
  • Fuel cell and hybrid eVTOL
  • Electric motors and propulsion systems
  • Composite materials and lightweighting
  • Autonomy, avionics, and software
  • Regulation and certification
  • Vertiport and ground infrastructure
  • Air traffic management and airspace integration
  • Public perception, safety, and social licence
  • Convergence with adjacent markets
  • Regional market analysis
  • Market forecasts 2026–2037
  • Conclusions, company profiles, appendices, and references

Companies Profiled include Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen), Archer Aviation, AutoFlight, AltoVolo, Ascendance Flight Technologies, Bell Textron (Nexus), BETA Technologies, CycloTech, Doroni Aerospace, Dufour Aerospace, EHang, Honda, ERC System, Eve Air Mobility, Jaunt Air Mobility, Joby Aviation, Lilium, Overair, SkyDrive, Supernal (Hyundai), Varon Vehicles, TCab Tech, Vertical Aerospace, Vertaxi, Volant Aerotech, Wisk Aero, XPeng AeroHT, Yivtol, Zuri, Volocopter, Diehl Aviation, GE Aerospace, Honeywell Aerospace Technologies, Rolls-Royce, RTX Corporation (Collins Aerospace & Pratt & Whitney), Safran Group, Amprius Technologies, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. (CATL), IONBLOX, Lyten, QuantumScape, Saft (TotalEnergies), SES AI (SolidEnergy Systems) and more......

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1.1 Report Scope and Objectives
  • 1.2 Defining eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility
  • 1.3 The AAM Ecosystem: The "5As" Framework - Aircraft, Ancillary, Airline, Airport, Airspace
  • 1.4 Market Size and Growth Summary 2026–2037
  • 1.5 Industry Consolidation Accelerates
  • 1.6 The Casualties: 2024–2025
  • 1.7 The Survivors: Who Remains in the Race
    • 1.7.1 Tier 1 - Approaching FAA Certification
    • 1.7.2 Tier 2 - Earlier-Stage but Well-Funded
    • 1.7.3 Chinese Leaders - Operational but Geographically Constrained
  • 1.8 The Reality Check: Physics, Economics, and Expectations
  • 1.9 Regulatory Landscape
  • 1.10 Outlook
  • 1.11 Key Market Drivers and Restraints
  • 1.12 Certification and Regulatory Progress Update
  • 1.13 eVTOL Unit Sales Forecast Summary (Units) 2026–2037
  • 1.14 eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast Summary (GWh) 2026–2037
  • 1.15 eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast Summary (US$ billion) 2026–2037
  • 1.16 Vertiport Infrastructure Forecast Summary
  • 1.17 Pilot and Workforce Requirements Forecast
  • 1.18 Industry Developments Since the Early-2026 Cut-Off

2 INTRODUCTION TO eVTOL AND ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

  • 2.1 What is an eVTOL Aircraft?
  • 2.2 From Urban Air Mobility (UAM) to Advanced Air Mobility (AAM)
  • 2.3 Distributed Electric Propulsion: The Enabling Concept
  • 2.4 Advantages of AAM Networks
  • 2.5 eVTOL Applications: Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military
  • 2.6 Current General Aviation Aircraft: Helicopters and Fixed-Wing
  • 2.7 Why Helicopters Are Not Suitable for UAM at Scale
  • 2.8 Worldwide Helicopter Fleet and General Aviation Market Size
  • 2.9 What is Making eVTOL Possible Now?
  • 2.10 The AAM Value Chain and Emerging Ecosystem
  • 2.11 Key Issues, Challenges, and Constraints for eVTOL Air Taxis
  • 2.12 NASA: UAM Challenges and Constraints
  • 3.1 World eVTOL Aircraft Directory and Geographical Distribution
  • 3.2 Main eVTOL Architectures Overview
  • 3.3 eVTOL Architecture Choice: Trade-Offs and Considerations
  • 3.4 Multicopter/Rotorcraft: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
  • 3.5 Lift + Cruise: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
  • 3.6 Vectored Thrust - Tiltwing: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
  • 3.7 Vectored Thrust - Tiltrotor: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
  • 3.8 Range and Cruise Speed Comparison Across Electric eVTOL Designs
  • 3.9 Hover Lift Efficiency, Disc Loading, and Cruise Efficiency by Architecture
  • 3.10 Complexity, Criticality, and Cruise Performance
  • 3.11 Comparative Assessment of eVTOL Architectures
  • 3.12 Manned and Unmanned eVTOL Test Flight Progress
  • 3.13 Full-Scale Demonstrators and Type-Conforming Aircraft Status

4 JOURNEY USE CASES AND ROUTE OPTIMISATION

  • 4.1 Where eVTOL Has a Competitive Advantage Over Ground Transport
  • 4.2 Urban Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Taxi/Ride-Hailing (8–16 km)
  • 4.3 Rural Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Private Car (16–40 km)
  • 4.4 Rural Rideshare: eVTOL vs. Multiple Private Cars (40–80 km)
  • 4.5 Sub-Regional Shuttle: eVTOL vs. Rail (100–160 km)
  • 4.6 Cargo Delivery: eVTOL vs. Road Transport (Middle-Mile, 50–100 km)
  • 4.7 Air Ambulance: eVTOL vs. Helicopter Emergency Services (60–100 km)
  • 4.8 Multicopter eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 10 km, 40 km, and 100 km Journey Comparisons
  • 4.9 Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 100 km Journey
  • 4.10 Important Factors for Air Taxi Time Advantage
  • 4.11 Conclusions on Air Taxi Time Saving and Viable Use Cases
  • 4.12 eVTOL as an Urban Mass Mobility Solution: Feasibility Assessment

5 TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

  • 5.1 TCO Analysis Methodology
  • 5.2 eVTOL vs. Helicopter Operating Cost Comparison
  • 5.3 eVTOL Aircraft Upfront Cost Analysis (£3m–£5m Range)
  • 5.4 eVTOL Operational Fuel Cost Savings
  • 5.5 The Economic Value of Autonomous Flight
  • 5.6 TCO Analysis: eVTOL Taxi US$/50 km Trip (Base Case)
  • 5.7 TCO Analysis: US$/15 km Trip - Multicopter eVTOL Design
  • 5.8 Sensitivity Analysis: Battery Cost and Performance
  • 5.9 Sensitivity Analysis: Upfront/Infrastructure Cost
  • 5.10 Sensitivity Analysis: Average Trip Length
  • 5.11 Sensitivity Analysis: Higher/Lower eVTOL Capital Costs
  • 5.12 Sensitivity Analysis: Reduced Flying Window and Increased Vertiport Travel Time
  • 5.13 Sensitivity Analysis: Earlier Autonomous Capability (2030 vs. 2035)
  • 5.14 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment: Direct and Indirect Benefits

6 FUNDING, INVESTMENT, AND BUSINESS MODELS

  • 6.1 Air Mobility Funding Landscape: Historical and Current Trends
  • 6.2 eVTOL OEMs Attracting Large Funding Rounds
  • 6.3 Strategic Investors: Aerospace and Automotive OEMs
  • 6.4 eVTOL OEMs Will Have to Weather a Tougher Investor Climate
  • 6.5 eVTOL Commercial Interest: Pre-Orders and Letters of Intent
  • 6.6 Business Model Archetypes: System Providers, Service Providers, Hardware Providers, Ticket Brokers
  • 6.7 OEM Model vs. Vertically Integrated Model
  • 6.8 Consolidation and Shake-Out Outlook
  • 6.9 New Manufacturing Facilities and Production Plans
  • 6.10 Design for Manufacture (DfM) and High-Volume Production Challenges

7 AEROSPACE AND AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIERS: eVTOL ACTIVITY

  • 7.1 Aerospace Companies eVTOL Involvement
    • 7.1.1 RTX Corporation
    • 7.1.2 General Electric
    • 7.1.3 SAFRAN
    • 7.1.4 Rolls-Royce
    • 7.1.5 Honeywell
  • 7.2 Automotive OEM Involvement
  • 7.3 Composite Material Suppliers
  • 7.4 Supply Chain Structure: Insource vs. Outsource Models

8 eVTOL OEM MARKET PLAYERS — COMPANY PROFILES

  • 8.1 Joby Aviation
  • 8.2 Archer Aviation (and Stellantis Partnership)
  • 8.3 Lilium
  • 8.4 Volocopter (VoloCity)
  • 8.5 Vertical Aerospace
  • 8.6 EHang
  • 8.7 Wisk Aero
  • 8.8 Eve Air Mobility (Embraer)
  • 8.9 Supernal (Hyundai)
  • 8.10 Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen)
  • 8.11 SkyDrive
  • 8.12 Autoflight (Prosperity I)
  • 8.13 Jaunt Air Mobility
  • 8.14 Honda eVTOL
  • 8.15 Additional OEM Profiles
  • 8.16 Players' Planned Production Capacity Comparison
  • 8.17 Key Supplier Partnerships by OEM

9 PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES SUPPORTING eVTOL DEVELOPMENT

  • 9.1 Uber Elevate Legacy and Joby Aviation
  • 9.2 US Air Force: Agility Prime
  • 9.3 NASA: Advanced Air Mobility Mission and National Campaign
  • 9.4 Groupe ADP eVTOL Test Area (Paris 2024 and Beyond)
  • 9.5 eVTOL Intellectual-Property and Legal Disputes
  • 9.6 China's Unmanned Civil Aviation Zones and Low-Altitude Economy Initiative
  • 9.7 Favourable Policies and Regulations Supporting China's UAM
  • 9.8 K-UAM Grand Challenge: South Korea
  • 9.9 UK Future Flight Challenge (FFC) and CAA Initiatives
  • 9.10 NEOM and Middle Eastern AAM Investments
  • 9.11 Varon Vehicles: UAM in Latin America
  • 9.12 Global Urban Air Mobility Radar: 110+ Projects Worldwide

10 BATTERIES FOR eVTOL

  • 10.1 Battery Specifics for eVTOLs: The Battery Trilemma
  • 10.2 eVTOL Battery Wish List and Requirements
  • 10.3 Importance of Gravimetric Energy Density (Wh/kg) for Aviation
  • 10.4 Li-ion Cathode and Anode Benchmarking for eVTOL
  • 10.5 Li-ion Timeline: Technology and Performance Evolution
  • 10.6 The Promise of Silicon Anodes for eVTOL Applications
  • 10.7 Aerospace Battery Pack Sizing and Energy Density Considerations
  • 10.8 Battery Specifications of Leading eVTOL OEMs
  • 10.9 eVTOL Batteries: Specific Energy vs. Discharge Rates
  • 10.10 Cell-to-Pack and Module Elimination Approaches
  • 10.11 Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Aviation
  • 10.12 Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Metal and Solid-State Batteries (SSB)
  • 10.13 Solid-State Battery Developers
  • 10.14 CATL Condensed Battery and Other Advanced Concepts
  • 10.15 Battery Technology Evolution Forecast: 2026–2037 (Wh/kg Roadmap)
  • 10.16 Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL: NMC, NCA, LFP, SSB, Li-S
  • 10.17 Battery Fast Charging, Battery Swapping, and Distributed Modules
  • 10.18 eVTOL Battery Cost Analysis and Trajectory
  • 10.19 eVTOL Battery Supply Chain
  • 10.20 Key Battery Suppliers
  • 10.21 eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh)
  • 10.22 eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ million)

11 CHARGING STANDARDS AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR eVTOL

  • 11.1 Competing Charging Standards in the AAM Market
  • 11.2 Global Electric Aviation Charging System (GEACS)
  • 11.3 BETA Technologies Charging (CCS-Based)
  • 11.4 EPS Charging Solutions
  • 11.5 Grid Power Requirements for Vertiport Charging
  • 11.6 Off-Grid and Renewable Energy Solutions for Remote Vertiports
  • 11.7 Vertiport Power Demand Decomposition: Electrical Distribution vs. Chargers
  • 11.8 Vertiport Electrical Equipment Requirements and Single-Line Architecture
  • 11.9 Charging Technologies, Charger Types, and Duty Cycles
    • 11.9.1 Charger types and architectures
    • 11.9.2 Charge cycles, C-rates and duty profiles
  • 11.10 Grid Impact, Power Quality, and Reinforcement Requirements
    • 11.10.1 Renewable and distributed-energy integration
  • 11.11 On-Site Energy Storage and Operational Resilience
  • 11.12 Electrical Standards and Regulatory Framework
  • 11.13 Market Assessment: PAM and SAM (excluding China)
  • 11.14 Market by Geography (excluding China)
  • 11.15 Market by Application
  • 11.16 Ecosystem Players and Competitive Positioning
  • 11.17 Infrastructure and Value Chain
  • 11.18 Potential Opportunity: Key Solutions and Buyers

12 FUEL CELL AND HYBRID eVTOL

  • 12.1 Options for Hydrogen Use in Aviation
  • 12.2 Key Systems Needed for Hydrogen Aircraft
  • 12.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for eVTOL
  • 12.4 Hydrogen Aviation Company Landscape
  • 12.5 Fuel Cell eVTOL: Players and Specifications
  • 12.6 Challenges Hindering Hydrogen Aviation
  • 12.7 Conclusions for Hydrogen Fuel Cell eVTOL
  • 12.8 Hybrid Propulsion Systems: Series and Parallel Architectures
  • 12.9 Hybrid Systems Optimisation
  • 12.10 All-Electric Range vs. Fuel Cell and Hybrid Powertrains
  • 12.11 Hybrid Propulsion: Turbines and Piston Engines
  • 12.12 Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System
  • 12.13 Conclusions for Hybrid eVTOL

13 ELECTRIC MOTORS AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS

  • 13.1 eVTOL Motor/Powertrain Requirements
  • 13.2 eVTOL Aircraft Motor Power Sizing and kW Estimates
  • 13.3 Electric Motors and Distributed Electric Propulsion
  • 13.4 Number of Electric Motors by eVTOL Design
  • 13.5 Electric Motor Designs: Summary of Traction Motor Types
  • 13.6 Motor Efficiency Comparison: PMSM vs. BLDC
  • 13.7 Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motors
  • 13.8 Why Axial Flux Motors for eVTOL?
  • 13.9 List of Axial Flux Motor Players and Benchmark
  • 13.10 Key Motor Suppliers
  • 13.11 Power Density and Torque Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation
  • 13.12 Power Electronics: SiC MOSFETs and High-Voltage Platforms for eVTOL

14 COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND LIGHTWEIGHTING

  • 14.1 The Importance of Lightweighting in eVTOL Design
  • 14.2 Comparison of Lightweight Materials
  • 14.3 Introduction to Composite Materials: Fibres, Resins, and Reinforcements
  • 14.4 Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) for eVTOL
  • 14.5 Glass Fibres and Thermoplastic Composites
  • 14.6 eVTOL Composite Material Requirements
  • 14.7 Supply Chain for Composite Manufacturers
  • 14.8 Key eVTOL-Composite Partnerships
  • 14.9 Key Challenges for Composites in High-Volume eVTOL Production

15 AUTONOMY, AVIONICS, AND SOFTWARE

  • 15.1 The Roadmap from Piloted to Autonomous eVTOL Flight
  • 15.2 Pilot Demand and Skill Level Evolution: 2026–2037
  • 15.3 Detect and Avoid (DAA) Systems
  • 15.4 Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Capabilities
  • 15.5 AI-Powered Autonomous Flight Systems
  • 15.6 Software-Defined Approaches for eVTOL: Lessons from the Automotive SDV Transition
  • 15.7 Sensor Fusion and Perception Systems for eVTOL
  • 15.8 Cybersecurity and Counter-AAM Considerations

16 REGULATION AND CERTIFICATION

  • 16.1 Overview of the eVTOL Certification Landscape
  • 16.2 European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
  • 16.3 EASA Special Condition: SC-VTOL and Certification Categories
  • 16.4 EASA EUROCAE Working Groups
  • 16.5 US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Certification Pathways
  • 16.6 Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) and Low-Altitude Economy Policy
  • 16.7 UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and FFC Alignment with EASA/FAA
  • 16.8 National Aviation Authority (NAA) Network: UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, USA
  • 16.9 Design Organisation Authorisation (DOA) and Production Organisation Authorisation (POA)
  • 16.10 Air Operator Certificates (AOC) and Airline Regulatory Requirements
  • 16.11 Companies Pursuing eVTOL Development and Regulatory Approval: Status Tracker
  • 16.12 Pilot Licensing and Training Requirements Evolution
  • 16.13 Noise, Environmental, and Safety Regulations
  • 16.14 When Will the First eVTOL Air Taxis Launch? Slipping Timelines Assessment

17 VERTIPORT AND GROUND INFRASTRUCTURE

  • 17.1 eVTOL Infrastructure Requirements: Overview
  • 17.2 Vertiport Concepts: From Basic Pads to Full-Service Hubs
  • 17.3 Vertiport Nodal Network Design
  • 17.4 Companies Developing Vertiports
  • 17.5 Vertiport Design Concepts
  • 17.6 Lilium Scalable Vertiports
  • 17.7 BETA Technologies Recharge Pads
  • 17.8 EHang E-Port
  • 17.9 Vertiport Technical Challenges: Real Estate, Planning Permission, Multi-Type Accommodation
  • 17.10 Vertiport Security: Biometric Processing, Baggage Handling, Counter-Drone
  • 17.11 Vertiport Forecast: Units Required 2026–2037
  • 17.12 The "Chicken and Egg" Problem: Vertiports Before Certified Aircraft

18 AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND AIRSPACE INTEGRATION

  • 18.1 eVTOL Urban Air Traffic Management (UATM) Requirements
  • 18.2 UTM/ATM Integration: Combining Manned and Unmanned Traffic
  • 18.3 NASA/FAA UAM Concept of Operations (ConOps)
  • 18.4 European UTM Frameworks and Standardisation
  • 18.5 Communication Infrastructure: 5G, Low-Latency Networks, and Redundancy
  • 18.6 Digital Infrastructure and Drone Operation Centres
  • 18.7 Global Fragmentation of UTM Standards

19 PUBLIC PERCEPTION, SAFETY, AND SOCIAL LICENCE

  • 19.1 Public Acceptance of AAM: Survey Data and Trends
  • 19.2 EASA Perception Studies
  • 19.3 UK Public Perception of Drones and AAM
  • 19.4 Safety and Security Considerations
  • 19.5 Noise Impact and Community Concerns
  • 19.6 Building Social Licence: Engagement Strategies and Government Initiatives
  • 19.7 The Role of Commercial Drone Operations in Normalising Future Aviation

20 CONVERGENCE WITH ADJACENT MARKETS

  • 20.1 eVTOL and the Broader Drone Market: Convergence of Platforms
  • 20.2 Cargo Drones and Large Autonomous Aircraft
  • 20.3 Electric Conventional Take-Off and Landing (eCTOL) Aircraft
  • 20.4 Software-Defined Vehicles and Cross-Over Technologies
  • 20.5 Autonomous Ground Vehicle (Robotaxi) Competition and Complementarity
  • 20.6 Multimodal Transport Integration and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS)
  • 20.7 The Low-Altitude Economy: China's Strategic Framework

21 REGIONAL MARKET ANALYSIS

  • 21.1 North America: United States and Canada
  • 21.2 Europe: EU, UK, and EFTA
  • 21.3 Asia-Pacific: China, South Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, Australia
  • 21.4 Middle East: UAE, Saudi Arabia (NEOM), and Gulf States
  • 21.5 Latin America
  • 21.6 Africa
  • 21.7 Regional Regulatory Comparison and Market Entry Timelines

22 MARKET FORECASTS 2026–2037

  • 22.1 Forecast Methodology and Assumptions
  • 22.2 Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026–2037 (Units)
  • 22.3 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Region/Economy Size (Units)
  • 22.4 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Architecture Type
  • 22.5 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Application (Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military)
  • 22.6 Replacement Demand vs. New Demand: Fleet Lifecycle Analysis
  • 22.7 eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh)
  • 22.8 eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ Billion)
  • 22.9 Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037
  • 22.10 Workforce and Pilot Demand Forecast 2026–2037

23 CONCLUSIONS

  • 23.1 Market Outlook Summary
  • 23.2 Key Findings
  • 23.3 Strategic Recommendations

24 COMPANY PROFILES

  • 24.1 eVTOL OEM Profiles (29 company profiles)
  • 24.2 Aerospace Tier 1 Suppliers with eVTOL Activity (6 company profiles)
  • 24.3 Battery and Energy Storage Suppliers (12 company profiles)
  • 24.4 Electric Motor and Propulsion System Suppliers (8 company profiles)
  • 24.5 Composite Material and Lightweighting Suppliers (4 company profiles)
  • 24.6 Vertiport and Infrastructure Developers (5 company profiles)
  • 24.7 Air Traffic Management and Digital Infrastructure Providers (6 company profiles)
  • 24.8 Automotive OEMs with eVTOL Investments (6 company profiles)
  • 24.9 Aircraft Leasing and Fleet Operators
  • 24.10 Cargo Drone and Convergent AAM Companies (5 company profiles)
  • 24.11 Charging Infrastructure Providers (2 company profiles)
  • 24.12 Hydrogen and Fuel Cell System Suppliers (3 company profiles)

25 APPENDICES

  • 25.1 Appendix A - Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
  • 25.2 Appendix B -eVTOL OEM Certification Status Tracker (As of Q1 2026)
  • 25.3 Appendix C - Forecast Data Tables - Detailed Annual Breakdowns
  • 25.4 Appendix D - UK AAM Economic Impact Model Summary
  • 25.5 Appendix E: Battery Technology Roadmap for eVTOL Aviation
  • 25.6 Appendix F: Regulatory Framework Reference Guide
  • 25.7 Appendix G: Methodology Notes

26 REFERENCES

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Key Definitions: eVTOL, UAM, AAM, and Related Terminology
  • Table 2. Global eVTOL and AAM Market Summary: Key Metrics 2026–2037
  • Table 3. Key Market Drivers and Restraints Summary
  • Table 4. eVTOL Certification Status Tracker: Leading OEMs (as of 2026)
  • Table 5. eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh)
  • Table 6. eVTOL Air Taxi Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ billion)
  • Table 7. Cumulative Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037 (Units)
  • Table 8. Cumulative eVTOL and Pilot Forecast 2026–2037
  • Table 9. Pilot Skill Level Evolution: 2026–2030, 2030–2034, 2035–2036
  • Table 10. Advantages of AAM Networks vs. Traditional Aviation and Ground Transport
  • Table 11. eVTOL Application Categories: Capacity, Range, and Distance Profiles
  • Table 12. GAMA General Aviation Helicopter Sales and Market Size
  • Table 13. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by Region
  • Table 14. GAMA General Aviation Airplane Sales by Type
  • Table 15. Top 5 General Aviation OEMs by Airplane Type
  • Table 16. eVTOL vs. Helicopter Comparison: Noise, Cost, Emissions, Complexity
  • Table 17. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by Region
  • Table 18. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by OEM
  • Table 19. Convergence of Enabling Technologies for eVTOL
  • Table 20. AAM Ecosystem Participant Map: Aircraft, Ancillary, Airline, Airport, Airspace
  • Table 21. Key Challenges for eVTOL Air Taxis: Technical, Regulatory, Economic, Social
  • Table 22. Geographical Distribution of eVTOL Projects Worldwide
  • Table 23. World eVTOL Aircraft Directory: Number of Concepts by Region
  • Table 24. eVTOL Architecture Selection Criteria: Range, Speed, Complexity, Noise, Efficiency
  • Table 25. Multicopter/Rotorcraft Key Player Specifications (Range, Speed, Payload, Passengers)
  • Table 26. Benefits and Drawbacks of Multicopter Architecture
  • Table 27. Lift + Cruise Key Player Specifications
  • Table 28. Benefits and Drawbacks of Lift + Cruise Architecture
  • Table 29. Tiltwing Key Player Specifications
  • Table 30. Benefits and Drawbacks of Tiltwing Architecture
  • Table 31. Tiltrotor Key Player Specifications
  • Table 32. Benefits and Drawbacks of Tiltrotor Architecture
  • Table 33. Range vs. Cruise Speed Scatter Plot: Electric eVTOL Designs by Architecture
  • Table 34. Hover Lift Efficiency and Disc Loading by eVTOL Architecture
  • Table 35. Hover and Cruise Efficiency Comparison by Architecture Type
  • Table 36. Hover and Cruise Efficiency Comparison - Quantitative Metrics by Architecture Type
  • Table 37. Comprehensive Comparison of eVTOL Architectures: Multicopter, Lift+Cruise, Tiltwing, Tiltrotor
  • Table 38. Manned Air Taxi eVTOL Test Flights: Dates, OEMs, Outcomes
  • Table 39. Unmanned Air Taxi eVTOL Model Test Flights
  • Table 40. Full-Scale Demonstrators and Type-Conforming Aircraft Status by OEM
  • Table 41. eVTOL Competitive Advantage by Distance and Setting
  • Table 42. Urban Private Hire Cost and Time Comparison
  • Table 43. Rural Private Hire Cost and Time Comparison
  • Table 44. Rural Rideshare Cost, Time, and Emissions Comparison
  • Table 45. Rural Rideshare Sensitivity Analysis - eVTOL Cost Per Passenger by Operations Phase
  • Table 46. Sub-Regional Shuttle Cost, Time, and Distance Comparison (12-seat eVTOL)
  • Table 47. Cargo Delivery Cost and Emissions Comparison (350 kg payload)
  • Table 48. Air Ambulance Journey: eVTOL vs. EC135 Helicopter
  • Table 49. Air Ambulance Cost, Response Time, and CO₂ Comparison
  • Table 50. eVTOL Multicopter vs. Robotaxi: Journey Time and Cost at 10 km, 40 km, and 100 km
  • Table 51. Journey Time Comparison: eVTOL vs. Robotaxi by Distance
  • Table 52. Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 100 km Journey Breakdown
  • Table 53. Key Variables Affecting Air Taxi Time Advantage
  • Table 54. Summary of Use Case Viability by Journey Type and Distance
  • Table 55. eVTOL Mass Mobility Feasibility Scorecard
  • Table 56. TCO Analysis Framework and Input Variables
  • Table 57. eVTOL vs. Helicopter Operating Cost Comparison (US$/flight hour)
  • Table 58. Operating Cost Breakdown: eVTOL vs. Helicopter
  • Table 59. eVTOL Aircraft Price Estimates by OEM and Architecture
  • Table 60. eVTOL Fuel Cost Savings vs. Conventional Aviation
  • Table 61. Piloted vs. Autonomous eVTOL Cost Impact (US$/trip)
  • Table 62. Impact of Autonomous Operation on TCO Over Time
  • Table 63. TCO Breakdown: eVTOL Taxi US$/50 km Trip (Base Case)
  • Table 64. TCO Breakdown: US$/15 km Trip (Multicopter)
  • Table 65. TCO Sensitivity to Battery Cost (US$/kWh) and Energy Density (Wh/kg)
  • Table 66. TCO Sensitivity to Aircraft Purchase Price and Infrastructure Cost
  • Table 67. TCO Sensitivity to Average Trip Length (km)
  • Table 68. TCO Impact: £3m vs. £5m vs. £182k eVTOL Capital Cost Scenarios
  • Table 69. Sensitivity Analysis: Decreased eVTOL Lifetime (10 Years vs. 5 Years)
  • Table 70. TCO Impact of 10-Year vs. 5-Year eVTOL Lifetime
  • Table 71. Economic Impact of Autonomous Capability in 2030 vs. 2035
  • Table 72. Annual and Aggregate Socio-Economic Impact by Use Case
  • Table 73. Investment in Passenger UAM Startups 2016–2026 (US$ million)
  • Table 74. Cumulative Investment by OEM (Top 10, Through 2026 Estimated)
  • Table 75. Largest eVTOL Funding Rounds to Date: Company, Round, Amount, Lead Investors
  • Table 76. Strategic Automotive and Aerospace Investors in eVTOL
  • Table 77. eVTOL Pre-Orders and Letters of Intent by OEM (Units and Value)
  • Table 78. Four UAM Business Model Archetypes
  • Table 79. Business Model Archetype Characteristics and Value Propositions
  • Table 80. OEM Model (Vertical Aerospace-type) vs. Vertically Integrated Model (Joby/Volocopter-type)
  • Table 81. Comparison of OEM vs. Vertically Integrated Business Models
  • Table 82. Planned eVTOL Manufacturing Facilities: Location, Capacity, OEM, Timeline
  • Table 83. Production Volume Targets by OEM and Year
  • Table 84. Top 10 Aerospace Companies by Revenue and eVTOL-Related Activities
  • Table 85. RTX Corporation eVTOL Technology Investments and Partnerships
  • Table 86. Automotive OEM eVTOL Investments, Partnerships, and Strategic Rationale
  • Table 87. Composite Material Supplier – eVTOL OEM Partnership Matrix
  • Table 88. Key Single-Source Component Risks in eVTOL Supply Chains
  • Table 89. Joby Aviation: Key Specifications, Funding, Certification Status, Partners
  • Table 90. Archer Aviation: Key Specifications, Funding, Partners
  • Table 91. Volocopter: Key Specifications, Certification Progress, Partners
  • Table 92. Vertical Aerospace: Key Specifications, Key Suppliers
  • Table 93. EHang: Key Specifications, Certification, Commercial Operations
  • Table 94. Wisk Aero: Key Specifications, Autonomous Systems
  • Table 95. Eve Air Mobility: Key Specifications, Suppliers, Partners
  • Table 96. Supernal S-A2: Key Specifications
  • Table 97. Airbus eVTOL Projects: Vahana, CityAirbus, CityAirbus NextGen
  • Table 98. SkyDrive SD-05: Key Specifications, Funding, Certification
  • Table 99. Additional eVTOL OEM Summary: Architecture, Country, Status, Backing
  • Table 100. eVTOL OEM Planned Annual Production Capacity Comparison
  • Table 101. Key Supplier Partnerships by eVTOL OEM (Propulsion, Battery, Composites, Avionics)
  • Table 102. Uber Air Mission Profile and Vehicle Requirements
  • Table 103. Agility Prime Participating Companies and Aircraft
  • Table 104. China Low-Altitude Economy: Key Policy Milestones and Designated Test Zones
  • Table 105. China UAM Policy and Regulatory Support Framework
  • Table 106. UK FFC Funded AAM Projects
  • Table 107. Middle Eastern AAM Investment Summary (NEOM, UAE, Saudi Arabia)
  • Table 108. UAM Projects by Region: Americas, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East, Africa
  • Table 109. eVTOL Battery Wish List: Target Specifications
  • Table 110. Airbus Minimum Battery Requirements for eVTOL
  • Table 111. Uber Air Proposed Battery Requirements
  • Table 112. Li-ion Cathode Chemistry Benchmark: NMC, NCA, LFP
  • Table 113. Li-ion Anode Chemistry Benchmark: Graphite, Silicon, Lithium Metal
  • Table 114. Silicon Anode Technology Status and Commercialisation Timeline
  • Table 115. Battery Pack Size and Weight by eVTOL OEM
  • Table 116. Battery Specifications by eVTOL OEM: Chemistry, Capacity (kWh), Energy Density (Wh/kg), Supplier
  • Table 117. eVTOL Batteries: Specific Energy vs. Discharge Rate Trade-Off
  • Table 118. Gravimetric Energy Density Improvement from Module Elimination
  • Table 119. Li-S Battery Value Proposition for eVTOL Aviation
  • Table 120. Li-S Battery Performance Characteristics vs. Li-ion for Aviation Applications
  • Table 121. Thin Film vs. Bulk Solid-State Battery Comparison
  • Table 122. Solid-State Battery Technology Approaches: Ceramic, Sulfide, Polymer, Hybrid
  • Table 123. Solid-State Battery Developer Comparison
  • Table 124. CATL Condensed Battery Specifications and Aviation Applicability
  • Table 125. Battery Technology Evolution Forecast: Energy Density by Chemistry 2024–2036
  • Table 126. Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL: Energy Density, Cycle Life, Cost, Safety, Readiness
  • Table 127. Charging Strategy Comparison: Fast Charging vs. Battery Swapping vs. Distributed Modules
  • Table 128. eVTOL Battery Cost Projections by Chemistry
  • Table 129. Key Battery Supplier Profiles: Product, Technology, eVTOL Customers
  • Table 130. eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh)
  • Table 131. eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ million)
  • Table 132. Competing eVTOL Charging Standards Comparison: GEACS, CCS, Proprietary
  • Table 133. Estimated Grid Power Requirements by Vertiport Size (kW/MW)
  • Table 134. Vertiport Power Demand Modelling: Peak vs. Average Load
  • Table 135. Off-Grid Charging Technology Options for Remote Vertiports
  • Table 136. Peak Power Demand Decomposition by Vertiport Tier - Chargers vs. Distribution and Balance-of-Plant
  • Table 137. Representative Load Composition - Medium Urban Hub at Peak (≈4.2 MW)
  • Table 138. Peak power demand per vertiport by tier.
  • Table 139. Canonical Vertiport Single-Line Architecture (utility service → aircraft)
  • Table 140. Vertiport Electrical Equipment Schedule by Tier
  • Table 141. Key Electrical Equipment - Function, Rating, Indicative Cost and Lead Time
  • Table 142. Indicative electrical equipment requirement by tier.
  • Table 143. eVTOL Charger Type Comparison
  • Table 144. Representative Charge-Cycle and Duty Profiles by Mission Type
  • Table 145. Charging technologies, charger types and duty cycles.
  • Table 146. Grid Impact and Reinforcement Matrix
  • Table 147. Renewable and DER Integration Options for Vertiports
  • Table 148. Grid impact and reinforcement requirements.
  • Table 149. Energy Storage and Resilience Tiers for Vertiports
  • Table 150. Value Streams from a Vertiport Battery Energy Storage System
  • Table 151. Energy storage and resilience needs by tier.
  • Table 152. Electrical Standards Applicable to Vertiport Charging Infrastructure
  • Table 153. Regulatory and Permitting Factors with Electrical Relevance
  • Table 154. Electrical standards and regulatory factors.
  • Table 155. eVTOL electrical and charging infrastructure: PAM and SAM (excluding China), 2025–2037.
  • Table 156. Mega-trends driving eVTOL infrastructure.
  • Table 157. Infrastructure market timeline, 2025 · 2030 · 2037.
  • Table 158. Serviceable infrastructure market (excluding China) by region, 2030 · 2035 · 2037.
  • Table 159. Infrastructure PAM by application, 2030 · 2035 · 2037.
  • Table 160. Top 10 players across the infrastructure ecosystem.
  • Table 161. Competitive positioning: Schneider Electric vs. Siemens, ABB and Eaton.
  • Table 162. eVTOL infrastructure value chain: scope, vendors and supplier role.
  • Table 163. Key stakeholders, roles and supplier touchpoints.
  • Table 164. Key solution × key buyer opportunity matrix.
  • Table 165. Hydrogen Use Options in Aviation: Combustion, Fuel Cell, Hybrid
  • Table 166. Key Systems Required for Hydrogen eVTOL Aircraft
  • Table 167. PEM Fuel Cell Specifications for eVTOL Applications
  • Table 168. Hydrogen Aviation Company Landscape: Fuel Cell and Combustion
  • Table 169. Fuel Cell eVTOL Players: Aircraft, FC System, Range, Payload
  • Table 170. Major Challenges for Hydrogen eVTOL: Infrastructure, Storage, Cost, Safety
  • Table 171. Comparison of Technology Options: Battery, Fuel Cell, Hybrid
  • Table 172. All-Electric Range Comparison - BEV, Fuel Cell, Series Hybrid, Parallel Hybrid (4–5 Seat eVTOL)
  • Table 173. Turbine vs. Piston Engine Hybrid Options for eVTOL
  • Table 174. Hybrid eVTOL SWOT Analysis
  • Table 175. eVTOL Motor and Powertrain Key Requirements
  • Table 176. eVTOL Power Requirement Estimates by Architecture and MTOW (kW)
  • Table 177. Number of Electric Motors by eVTOL OEM and Architecture
  • Table 178. Summary of Traction Motor Types: PMSM, BLDC, Induction, SRM
  • Table 179. Comparison of Traction Motor Construction and Merits
  • Table 180. Motor Efficiency Comparison Across Operating Range
  • Table 181. Differences Between PMSM and BLDC Motors
  • Table 182. Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motor Comparison: Power Density, Torque, Weight, Cost
  • Table 183. Axial Flux Motor Advantages for eVTOL Applications
  • Table 184. Axial Flux Motor Player List and Key Product Specifications
  • Table 185. Benchmark of Commercial Axial Flux Motors: Power, Torque, Weight, Efficiency
  • Table 186. Key Motor Supplier Profiles for eVTOL Applications
  • Table 187. Power Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation (kW/kg)
  • Table 188. Torque Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation (Nm/kg)
  • Table 189. SiC vs. Si IGBT Inverter Comparison for eVTOL
  • Table 190. Comparison of Lightweight Materials: Aluminium, Titanium, CFRP, GFRP
  • Table 191. Cost-Adjusted Fibre Property Comparison
  • Table 192. Comparison of Relative Fibre Properties
  • Table 193. Resins Overview and Property Comparison: Thermosets vs. Thermoplastics
  • Table 194. Glass Fibre and Thermoplastic Composite Applications in eVTOL
  • Table 195. eVTOL Composite Material Requirements: Structural, Aerodynamic, Fire Resistance
  • Table 196. eVTOL-Composite Supplier Partnership Matrix
  • Table 197. Key Challenges for Composite Manufacturing at eVTOL Scale
  • Table 198. Autonomy Level Definitions for eVTOL Aircraft
  • Table 199. Pilot Skill Level Requirements by Time Period
  • Table 200. Annual New eVTOLs and New Pilots Required 2026–2037
  • Table 201. DAA Technology Options for eVTOL: Radar, Lidar, Optical, ADS-B
  • Table 202. BVLOS Enablement Status by Region
  • Table 203. SDV Technology Transfer from Automotive to eVTOL
  • Table 204. Cybersecurity Threat Categories for eVTOL and UTM Systems
  • Table 205. EASA eVTOL Certification Framework Summary
  • Table 206. EASA SC-VTOL Certification Categories: Basic, Standard, Enhanced
  • Table 207. FAA Certification Pathway for eVTOL: Part 21, Part 23, Part 135
  • Table 208. CAAC Drone/eVTOL Classification System by Weight Category
  • Table 209. China Low-Altitude Economy Key Policy Milestones
  • Table 210. UK CAA eVTOL Regulatory Activity Summary
  • Table 211. DOA and POA Status by eVTOL OEM
  • Table 212. eVTOL Regulatory Approval Status Tracker: OEM, Authority, Status, Expected Date
  • Table 213. Pilot Licensing Framework for eVTOL by Jurisdiction
  • Table 214. Noise Level Comparison: eVTOL vs. Helicopter (dBA)
  • Table 215. OEM Launch Timeline Slippage Analysis
  • Table 216. Vertiport Tier Classification: Basic Landing Pad, Standard Terminal, Full-Service Hub
  • Table 217. Vertiport Tier Concepts
  • Table 218. Vertiport Developer Profiles: Company, Projects, Status, Key Partnerships
  • Table 219. Key Vertiport Technical and Logistical Challenges
  • Table 220. Vertiport Challenge Assessment: Impact vs. Difficulty Matrix
  • Table 221. Vertiport Security Technology Requirements
  • Table 222. Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037
  • Table 223. Estimated Vertiport Requirements by Region 2030, 2035, 2036
  • Table 224. Key UTM/ATM System Requirements for AAM
  • Table 225. UTM Standardisation Organisations Worldwide
  • Table 226. Communication Technology Requirements for AAM: 4G/5G, Satellite, Dedicated Aviation
  • Table 227. Global UTM Framework Comparison: USA, EU, China, UK, Japan, South Korea
  • Table 228. EASA UAM Perception Study Key Findings
  • Table 229. UK Public Support Levels by Use Case: Flying Taxis, Air Ambulance, Cargo Delivery
  • Table 230. Safety and Security Considerations for eVTOL Operations
  • Table 231. Noise Comparison: eVTOL vs. Helicopter vs. Ground Vehicles (dBA at Distance)
  • Table 232. Social Licence Building Strategies and UK FFC Initiatives
  • Table 233. Drone-UAM Convergence: Traditional Drones, Cargo Drones, Small UAM Comparison
  • Table 234. Large Cargo Drone Development Programs: Dronamics, Elroy Air, Windracers, Natilus, Pipistrel, Sabrewing
  • Table 235. eCTOL vs. eVTOL: Range, Payload, Infrastructure Requirements Comparison
  • Table 236. SDV Technology Transfer to eVTOL: OTA Updates, AI, Sensor Fusion, Digital Twins
  • Table 237. eVTOL vs. Robotaxi Competitive and Complementary Positioning by Distance
  • Table 238. China Low-Altitude Economy: Market Size Projections and Policy Framework
  • Table 239. North America AAM Market Overview: Regulatory Status, Key OEMs, Planned Routes, Infrastructure
  • Table 240. US eVTOL Planned Route Networks and Vertiport Locations
  • Table 241. European AAM Market Overview: EASA/CAA Status, OEMs, Initiatives
  • Table 242. Asia-Pacific AAM Market Overview by Country
  • Table 243. Asia-Pacific UAM Project Distribution
  • Table 244. Middle Eastern AAM Investment and Infrastructure Plans
  • Table 245. Latin America AAM Market Status
  • Table 246. African AAM Potential: Key Markets and Challenges
  • Table 247. Regional Regulatory Comparison Matrix: FAA, EASA, CAAC, CAA, JCAB, KOCA
  • Table 248. Forecast Methodology: Key Assumptions and Data Sources
  • Table 249. Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026–2037 (Units)
  • Table 250. eVTOL Sales Forecast by World Bank Country Wealth Definition (Units)
  • Table 251. eVTOL Sales Forecast by Architecture Type 2026–2037 (Units)
  • Table 252. eVTOL Sales Forecast by Application 2026–2037 (Units)
  • Table 253. Total Annual eVTOL Demand: Replacement of Legacy eVTOLs vs. New Demand
  • Table 254. Fleet Lifecycle and Replacement Demand Analysis 2026–2040
  • Table 255. eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037
  • Table 256. eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast by Segment 2026–2037 (US$ Billion)
  • Table 257. Global Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037
  • Table 258. Global eVTOL Workforce Demand Forecast 2026–2037
  • Table 259. Glossary of Key Terms and Acronyms
  • Table 260. eVTOL OEM Certification Status - Major Programmes
  • Table 261. Global eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast - Annual Detail 2026–2037 (US$ Billion)
  • Table 262. UK AAM Economic Impact Summary
  • Table 263. UK AAM Use Case Summary
  • Table 264. Aviation Battery Technology Roadmap 2026–2037
  • Table 265. Key Regulatory Standards and Documents for eVTOL Certification

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. The AAM "5As" Ecosystem Framework
  • Figure 2. The Advanced Air Mobility Ecosystem Value Chain
  • Figure 3. Global AAM Market Revenue 2026–2037 (US$ billion)
  • Figure 4. Different e-VTOL configurations developed from 2016: (a) Tilt-Wing (T-W); (b) Lift+Cruise (L+C) ; (c) Tilt-Rotor (T-R); (d) Multi-Rotor (M-R)
  • Figure 5. Evolution from UAM to AAM: Expanding Scope and Applications
  • Figure 6. Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration Example
  • Figure 7. The Advanced Air Mobility Value Chain
  • Figure 8. Multicopter Flight Modes: Hover, Transition, Cruise
  • Figure 9. Lift + Cruise Flight Modes
  • Figure 10. Tiltwing Flight Modes
  • Figure 11. Tiltrotor Flight Modes
  • Figure 12. Joby eVTOL taxis .
  • Figure 13. Rural Private Hire Journey Schematic
  • Figure 14. Expected Industry Consolidation Timeline
  • Figure 15. Li-ion Battery Timeline: Technology and Performance 2010–2036
  • Figure 16. Energy Density Roadmap: Graphite → Silicon Composite → Pure Silicon Anodes
  • Figure 17. Li-S Battery SWOT Analysis
  • Figure 18. Li-S Battery Market Value Chain
  • Figure 19. Lithium-Metal Battery SWOT Analysis
  • Figure 20. Battery Energy Density Roadmap 2024–2036 (Wh/kg): LiPo, Silicon Anode, Solid-State, Li-S, Li-Air
  • Figure 21. Battery Chemistry Radar Chart Comparison for eVTOL - Scores (1–10)
  • Figure 22. eVTOL Battery Cost Trajectory 2024–2036 (US$/kWh)
  • Figure 23. eVTOL Battery Supply Chain: Raw Materials → Cell Manufacturing → Pack Assembly → OEM Integration
  • Figure 24. The GEACS charging system.
  • Figure 25. BETA Technologies Charging Network Concept
  • Figure 26. Peak power demand per vertiport by tier: charging load vs. electrical distribution (MW)
  • Figure 27. Global eVTOL electrical and charging infrastructure: potential vs. serviceable market (excluding China), 2025–2037 (US$ million).
  • Figure 28. Serviceable infrastructure market excluding China, by region, 2037 (US$ million).
  • Figure 29. eVTOL infrastructure potential addressable market by application segment, 2030 vs. 2037 (US$ million).
  • Figure 30. The eVTOL infrastructure value chain.
  • Figure 31. Series vs. Parallel Hybrid Propulsion Architectures
  • Figure 32. Hybrid System Power/Energy Optimisation Curve
  • Figure 33. Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System
  • Figure 34. Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration and Motor Placement
  • Figure 35. Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motor Construction
  • Figure 36. Yoked vs. Yokeless Axial Flux Motor Configurations
  • Figure 37. Inverter Power Density Improvement Timeline
  • Figure 38. Weight Breakdown of a Typical eVTOL Aircraft
  • Figure 39. CFRP Supply Chain for eVTOL Manufacturing
  • Figure 40. Composite Material Supply Chain: Fibre → Prepreg → Layup → Curing → Assembly
  • Figure 41. Autonomy Roadmap: Piloted → Supervised → Remote Pilot → Fully Autonomous
  • Figure 42. Typical Sensor Suite for eVTOL: Cameras, Radar, LiDAR, Ultrasonic, ADS-B
  • Figure 43. eVTOL Certification Timeline: Expected Type Certificate Dates by OEM
  • Figure 44. eVTOL Commercial Launch Timeline: Original Targets vs. Current Expectations
  • Figure 45. Vertiport Infrastructure Ecosystem: Physical, Digital, Energy
  • Figure 46. Vertistops, Vertiports, and Vertihubs
  • Figure 47. CORGAN Stacked Skyport Concept
  • Figure 48. CORGAN Mega Skyport Concept
  • Figure 49. CORGAN Uber Skyport Mobility Hub Concept
  • Figure 50. Hyundai Future Mobility Urban Vision
  • Figure 51. Lilium Scalable Vertiport Design
  • Figure 52. BETA Technologies Recharge Pad Network
  • Figure 53. EHang E-Port Infrastructure Concept
  • Figure 54. UTM/ATM Integration Layers
  • Figure 55. NASA/FAA UAM ConOps 1.0 Framework
  • Figure 56. Digital Infrastructure for AAM: Drone Operations Centre Architecture
  • Figure 57. Expected eVTOL Commercial Service Launch Timeline by Region
  • Figure 58. EHang EH216-S
  • Figure 59. Vertical Aerospace eVOTL aircraft.