全球一次熱電池市場（2027-2037 年）

熔鹽一次電池——通常被稱為「熱電池」——在全球儲能產業中佔著一個極其專業且具有重要戰略意義的細分市場。與傳統的一次電池不同，熱電池在室溫下保持電化學惰性，需要透過內部煙火裝置產生的熱源啟動。這會使固體鹽電解質熔化並轉化為高速離子導體。因此，它們可以在需要時提供瞬時高功率，能夠承受惡劣的環境條件，並且擁有超過20年的保存期限。這些特性使得熱電池成為飛彈導引與控制系統、彈射座椅、魚雷、聲吶浮標、緊急防禦電子設備、衛星部署和運載火箭等傳統電池技術無法勝任的關鍵任務的標準電源解決方案。

全球市場正以6.0%至6.5%的複合年成長率擴張。這一成長主要受三大因素驅動：為因應重燃的戰略競爭，全球國防費用持續成長；北約、印太地區和中東地區加速採購精確導引武器、防空飛彈和高超音速武器；以及軍事和商業航太活動的擴張。在航太領域，熱電池在運載火箭、衛星部署機制和天基防禦平台的航空電子設備供電方面發揮越來越重要的作用。

該市場高度一體化，擁有11-12家具有商業性重要性的製造商（其中5家是主要參與者），加上小規模的專業公司和大型國防企業的內部供應部門，行業內公司總數約為25-30家。製造過程依賴由專業設備供應商組成的生態系統，涵蓋顆粒成型、氣密封裝、無塵室組裝、雷射焊接和認證測試等領域。供應鏈本身也高度集中，主要服務於熱電池市場和相關的國防硬體市場。對於原料，特別是電池用二硫化鐵（FeS2），供應商集中度和供應鏈韌性方面的挑戰日益凸顯，這些挑戰對於現有企業和潛在的新進入者而言，都已成為越來越重要的戰略考量。

「全球一次熱電池市場（2027-2037）」是一份全面的市場研究報告，涵蓋國防、航太和航太領域的熔鹽（熱）電池產業。本報告提供了2020年至2025年曆史市場數據的嚴謹基準，詳細分析了技術和製造趨勢，對四個覆蓋層級的11家生產商進行了詳細的競爭格局分析，繪製了可靠性相關的設備供應商生態系統圖，專門針對二硫化鐵（FeS2）原料進行了分析，並對截至2037年的十年市場進行了預測和高情景情景）。

本報告旨在為以下對象提供參考：考慮進入市場的電池製造商、正在評估自身供應方案的關鍵國防企業、尋求在該領域佔一席之地的設備供應商、政府採購機構、正在評估特種國防儲能領域併購機會的投資者和企業發展團隊，以及正在評估特種熱電池業務機會的材料製造商。報告內容涵蓋飛彈項目概況、製造商間能力比較、成本結構分析、出口管制和運輸法規考量，以及對各目標細分市場的策略影響。

目錄包括以下內容：

• 一次熔鹽電池簡介：市場定義、熱能儲存及與鋰離子電池的區別、運行原理、從 20 世紀 40 年代至今的歷史發展以及當前的行業結構。
• 歷史市場數據和細分（2020-2025 年）：全球市場規模表現、與第三方基準的比較，以及按應用、地區、最終用戶類型、化學成分和電壓進行的細分。
• 技術趨勢：電池結構，包括其在拉貢圖中的位置；陽極材料；陰極材料；電解質/隔膜系統；煙火熱源；絕緣；氣密密封；技術趨勢和學術研究與開發趨勢；專利趨勢；以及其在與鹵氧電池和鋰離子一次電池相鄰的化學系統中的位置。
• 競爭格局：本報告概述了五家全球巨頭（EaglePicher、ASB Group、Diehl Defence、RAFAEL 和 TUBITAK SAGE）、區域製造商和其他公司，並對製造商及其與下游客戶和飛彈項目的關係進行了比較分析。
• 製造價值鏈：從粉末合成到顆粒成型、電池和堆疊組裝、焊接和氣密密封、認證測試的端到端流程，以及成本結構分析。
• 本節涵蓋供應鏈和生態系統，包括主要設備供應商矩陣、按流程分類的供應商概覽、製造商-供應商關係圖、商業性可用性評估、出口許可（ITAR、EAR、瓦塞納爾協議）和運輸說明（IATA 危險品規則）。
• 原料：二硫化鐵（FeS2）：製造路線、電池級規格、供應商趨勢和採購集中風險。
• 市場展望與預測（2027-2037 年）：按應用、地區和化學成分分類的基本案例、高情況和低情況預測，包括情境分析和與第三方基準的比較。
• 策略洞察與建議：為現有公司、潛在新進業者、設備和原物料供應商提供洞察，並提供未來觀察名單。

第1章摘要整理

第2章：一次熔鹽電池概述

• 市場定義和範圍
• 熱能儲存及其與鋰離子電池的區別
• 運行原理
• 歷史發展，1940年代至今。
• 目前產業結構

第3章：歷史市場資料與細分，2020-2025年

• 2020-2025年全球市場規模
• 按應用程式進行細分
• 區域細分
• 最終用戶類型細分
• 依化學成分進行分割
• 基於電壓的分段

第4章 應用

• 概述
• 基本應用特性
• 戰鬥部署範例—飛彈和彈藥
• 實際作戰部署範例－魚雷和聲吶浮標
• 實用化案例 -航太與安全系統
• 實用化案例 - 應急防禦電子設備
• 新的應用領域
• 潛在應用
• 應用技術成熟度等級 (TRL) 評估

第5章：技術概述

• 細胞結構與技術定位
• 陽極化學
• 陰極化學
• 電解質分離系統
• 煙火裝置的熱源和點火
• 隔熱材料和包裝
• 氣密密封
• 技術趨勢、創新前沿以及當前學術研究和發展的狀況。
• 專利情況
• 備用電池和鄰近化學品的放置

第6章 競爭情勢

• 全球競爭格局
• 全球產業的層級結構
• 廠商間比較分析
• 繪製下游客戶狀況和導彈項目圖

第7章 製造業價值鏈

• 端到端價值鏈概述
• 粉末合成與製備
• 壓片和流延成型
• 電池和堆疊組件
• 焊接、氣密密封和洩漏測試
• 資格考試及符合軍用/航太標準
• 跨製造商價值鏈與成本結構

第8章 供應鏈與生態系統

• 供應商生態系概覽
• 按製程分類的設備供應商概覽
• 主要供應商類別
• 製造商和供應商之間的關係圖
• 供應商的商業性管道
• 出口許可證和運輸法規

第9章 原料－二硫化鐵（FeS2）

• FeS2在價值鏈中的作用
• 生產路線
• 電池等級規格
• FeS2供應商的現狀
• 採購集中度與供應鏈風險

第10章 市場展望與預測：2026-2037年

• 預測性調查方法與前提條件
• 基準情境下的全球市場預測（2026-2037 年）
• 按應用細分市場進行預測
• 區域預測
• 化學場預測

第11章：戰略意義與建議

• 對現任官員的影響
  • 技術維護
  • 供應鏈韌性
  • 地緣政治地位
• 對潛在新進入者的影響
• 對設備和原料供應商的影響
• 值得關注的項目和未來前景列表

第12章：公司簡介（8家公司簡介）

第13章附錄

第14章參考文獻

Primary molten salt batteries - commonly known as thermal batteries - occupy one of the most specialised and strategically consequential niches in the global energy storage industry. Unlike conventional primary or rechargeable cells, thermal batteries remain electrochemically inert at ambient temperature and are activated by an internal pyrotechnic heat source that melts a solid salt electrolyte, transforming it into a fast ion conductor. The result is a power source that delivers instantaneous high-power output on demand, tolerates extreme environmental conditions, and holds a shelf life exceeding twenty years. These characteristics make thermal batteries the default power solution for missile guidance and control systems, ejection seats, torpedoes, sonobuoys, emergency defence electronics, satellite deployment, and launch vehicle applications - mission-critical roles where conventional battery technologies cannot deliver.

The global market is growing at a compound annual growth rate of 6.0-6.5 per cent. Growth is driven by three converging factors: sustained increases in global defence spending in response to renewed strategic competition; the accelerated procurement of precision-guided munitions, air-defence interceptors, and hypersonic weapons across NATO, the Indo-Pacific, and the Middle East; and the expansion of military and commercial space activity, where thermal batteries increasingly power launch vehicle avionics, satellite deployment mechanisms, and space-based defence platforms.

The market is highly consolidated, with 11-12 commercially significant manufacturers (with 5 major players) and a total industry population of approximately 25-30 entities when small specialists and captive-supply operations of defence primes are counted. Manufacturing depends on a specialist equipment supplier ecosystem covering pellet pressing, hermetic sealing, dry-room assembly, laser welding, and qualification testing - a supply chain that is itself concentrated, largely serving both thermal battery and adjacent defence-grade hardware markets. Raw materials, particularly battery-grade iron disulfide (FeS₂), present sourcing concentration and supply-chain resilience challenges that are becoming increasingly strategic considerations for both incumbents and prospective new entrants.

The Global Market for Primary Thermal Batteries 2027-2037 is a comprehensive market intelligence study covering the primary molten salt (thermal) battery industry across defence, aerospace, and space applications. The report provides a rigorous baseline of the 2020-2025 historical market, an in-depth technology and manufacturing landscape, detailed competitive profiling of eleven producers across four coverage tiers, a confidence-tagged equipment supplier ecosystem mapping, dedicated raw materials analysis on iron disulfide (FeS₂), and a ten-year forecast to 2037 with base, high, and low scenarios.

The report is designed for battery manufacturers evaluating market entry, defence primes assessing captive-supply options, equipment suppliers positioning against the sector, government procurement offices, investors and corporate development teams evaluating M&A opportunities in specialist defence energy storage, and materials producers assessing the specialist thermal battery opportunity. Coverage extends to missile programme mapping, cross-manufacturer capability comparison, cost structure analysis, export control and transportation regulation considerations, and strategic implications by audience segment.

Contents include:

• Introduction to Primary Molten Salt Batteries: market definition, distinction from thermal energy storage and lithium-ion, operating principles, historical development from the 1940s to present, current industry structure.
• Historical Market Data and Segmentation, 2020-2025: global sizing, third-party benchmark reconciliation, and segmentation by application, region, end-user type, chemistry, and voltage.
• Technology Landscape: cell architecture including Ragone plot positioning, anode chemistries, cathode chemistries, electrolyte-separator systems, pyrotechnic heat sources, thermal insulation, hermetic sealing, technology trends and academic R&D landscape, patent landscape, and adjacent-chemistry positioning against oxyhalide reserve batteries and Li-ion primary cells.
• Competitive Landscape: profiles of five Global Majors (EaglePicher, ASB Group, Diehl Defence, RAFAEL, TUBITAK SAGE), Regional Producers, and other companies, plus cross-manufacturer comparative analysis and downstream customer/missile programme mapping.
• Manufacturing Value Chain: end-to-end process from powder synthesis through pellet pressing, cell and stack assembly, welding and hermetic sealing, qualification testing, and cost structure analysis.
• Supply Chain and Ecosystem: master equipment supplier matrix, supplier landscape by process step, manufacturer-supplier relationship mapping, commercial accessibility scoring, export licensing (ITAR, EAR, Wassenaar), and transportation regulations (IATA Dangerous Goods).
• Raw Materials: Iron Disulfide (FeS₂): production routes, battery-grade specifications, supplier landscape, and sourcing concentration risk.
• Market Outlook and Forecasts, 2027-2037: base-case, high-case, and low-case forecasts, segmented by application, region, and chemistry, with scenario analysis and third-party benchmark reconciliation.
• Strategic Implications and Recommendations: implications for incumbents, prospective new entrants, equipment and raw material suppliers, and forward-looking watchlist.

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1 Market size, historical trajectory, and forecast
• 1.2 Industry structure and competitive dynamics
• 1.3 Technology landscape and supply chain
• 1.4 Applications and demand drivers
• 1.5 Key findings
• 1.6 Strategic implications for stakeholders
  • 1.6.1 For incumbent manufacturers
  • 1.6.2 For prospective new entrants
  • 1.6.3 For defence primes and integrators
  • 1.6.4 For equipment and materials suppliers
  • 1.6.5 For investors and corporate development
• 1.7 Watchlist - key developments to monitor over the forecast period
  • 1.7.1 European defence spending trajectory
  • 1.7.2 US space launch cadence
  • 1.7.3 Hypersonic weapons deployment
  • 1.7.4 Li-ion primary substitution rate
  • 1.7.5 Chinese industry evolution

2 INTRODUCTION TO PRIMARY MOLTEN SALT BATTERIES

• 2.1 Definition and scope of the market
• 2.2 Distinction from thermal energy storage and Li-ion
• 2.3 Operating principles
• 2.4 Historical development, 1940s-present
• 2.5 Current industry structure

3 HISTORICAL MARKET DATA AND SEGMENTATION, 2020-2025

• 3.1 Global market size, 2020-2025
• 3.2 Segmentation by application
• 3.3 Segmentation by region
• 3.4 Segmentation by end-user type
• 3.5 Segmentation by chemistry
• 3.6 Segmentation by voltage

4 APPLICATIONS

• 4.1 Overview
• 4.2 Fundamental application characteristics
• 4.3 Fielded applications - missile and munitions
  • 4.3.1 Air-defence and ballistic missile defence interceptors
  • 4.3.2 Air-to-air missiles
  • 4.3.3 Surface-to-surface and cruise missiles
  • 4.3.4 Anti-tank guided missiles
  • 4.3.5 Artillery-launched guided munitions
• 4.4 Fielded applications - torpedoes and sonobuoys
  • 4.4.1 Lightweight torpedoes
  • 4.4.2 Heavyweight torpedoes
  • 4.4.3 Sonobuoys
• 4.5 Fielded applications - aerospace and safety systems
  • 4.5.1 Ejection seat and aircrew emergency power
  • 4.5.2 Emergency locator transmitters and flight recorders
  • 4.5.3 Spacecraft launch vehicle stage separation and satellite deployment
• 4.6 Fielded applications - emergency defence electronics
  • 4.6.1 Radar and communications backup
  • 4.6.2 Electronic warfare payload emergency power
  • 4.6.3 Nuclear weapons safing and control
• 4.7 Emerging applications
  • 4.7.1 Miniaturised smart munitions and guided small-calibre projectiles
  • 4.7.2 Hypersonic weapons
  • 4.7.3 Small-satellite deployment and CubeSat class missions
  • 4.7.4 Autonomous underwater vehicles and specialty naval systems
  • 4.7.5 Directed-energy weapon system emergency power
• 4.8 Potential applications
  • 4.8.1 Specialty industrial safety systems
  • 4.8.2 Deep-space and planetary science mission emergency power
  • 4.8.3 Cryogenic and extreme-environment scientific instrumentation
• 4.9 Application Technology Readiness Level (TRL) assessment

5 TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE

• 5.1 Cell architecture and technology positioning
• 5.2 Anode chemistries
• 5.3 Cathode chemistries
• 5.4 Electrolyte-separator systems
• 5.5 Pyrotechnic heat sources and ignition
• 5.6 Thermal insulation and packaging
• 5.7 Hermetic sealing
• 5.8 Technology trends, innovation frontier, and academic R&D landscape
  • 5.8.1 Miniaturisation for smart munitions and guided small-calibre projectiles
  • 5.8.2 Alternative pyrotechnic oxidisers for environmental and regulatory compliance
  • 5.8.3 Additive manufacturing for specialty thermal battery components
  • 5.8.4 Alternative cathode chemistries beyond FeS₂, CoS₂, and NiCl₂
• 5.9 Patent landscape
• 5.10 Reserve battery positioning and adjacent chemistries

6 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

• 6.1 Global competitive structure
• 6.2 Tier structure of the global industry
• 6.3 Cross-Manufacturer Comparative Analysis
  • 6.3.1 Product portfolio comparison
  • 6.3.2 Manufacturing model comparison
    • 6.3.2.1 Capability radar
• 6.4 Downstream Customer Landscape and Missile Programme Mapping
  • 6.4.1 Missile programmes using primary thermal batteries
  • 6.4.2 Non-missile applications and downstream customers

7 MANUFACTURING VALUE CHAIN

• 7.1 End-to-end value chain overview
• 7.2 Powder synthesis and preparation
• 7.3 Pellet pressing and tape casting
• 7.4 Cell and stack assembly
• 7.5 Welding, hermetic sealing, and leak testing
• 7.6 Qualification testing and MIL/aerospace compliance
• 7.7 Cross-manufacturer value chain and cost structure

8 SUPPLY CHAIN AND ECOSYSTEM

• 8.1 Supplier ecosystem overview
• 8.2 Equipment supplier landscape by process step
• 8.3 Key supplier categories
• 8.4 Manufacturer-supplier relationship map
• 8.5 Supplier commercial accessibility
• 8.6 Export licensing and transportation regulations

9 RAW MATERIALS - Iron Disulfide (FeS₂)

• 9.1 Role of FeS₂ in the value chain
• 9.2 Production routes
• 9.3 Battery-grade specifications
• 9.4 FeS₂ supplier landscape
• 9.5 Sourcing concentration and supply chain risk

10 MARKET OUTLOOK AND FORECASTS 2026-2037

• 10.1 Forecast methodology and assumptions
• 10.2 Base-case global market forecast, 2026-2037
• 10.3 Segmented forecasts by application
• 10.4 Regional forecasts
• 10.5 Chemistry-segmented forecast

11 STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• 11.1 Implications for incumbents
  • 11.1.1 Technology maintenance
  • 11.1.2 Supply chain resilience
  • 11.1.3 Geopolitical positioning
• 11.2 Implications for prospective new entrants
• 11.3 Implications for equipment and raw material suppliers
• 11.4 Watchlist and forward-looking observations

12 COMPANY PROFILES (8 company profiles)

13 APPENDICES

• 13.1 Research methodology and sources
• 13.2 Primary research programme
• 13.3 Scope definition and boundary decisions
• 13.4 Market sizing methodology
• 13.5 Forecast methodology
• 13.6 Data sources by category
• 13.7 Analytical framework and computational methodology
• 13.8 Limitations of the analysis
• 13.9 Glossary and abbreviations
  • 13.9.1 Glossary of technical and industry terms
  • 13.9.2 Abbreviations

14 REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Key findings summary
• Table 2. Primary thermal batteries vs adjacent electrochemical and thermal categories
• Table 3. Milestones in primary thermal battery development
• Table 4. Global market size by year, 2020-2025 (USD millions)
• Table 5. Application segments with typical performance requirements
• Table 6. Regional market segmentation and drivers
• Table 7. End-user segmentation - merchant defence, captive defence prime, government R&D
• Table 8. Chemistry-segmented market with historical shift
• Table 9. Voltage-segmented market (10-50V, 51-100V, above 101V)
• Table 10. Technology Readiness Level assessment of primary thermal battery applications
• Table 11. Anode chemistry comparison (LiSi, LiAl, LiB, Ca)
• Table 12. Cathode chemistry comparison - FeS₂ vs CoS₂ vs NiCl₂
• Table 13. Electrolyte-separator formulations
• Table 14. Heat pellet formulations and ignition mechanisms
• Table 15. Insulation materials - thermal conductivity, temperature, mass
• Table 16. Hermetic seal technologies and typical suppliers
• Table 17. Innovation frontier - active research directions and commercial readiness
• Table 18. Primary thermal battery patent filings 2015-2025, by assignee and geography
• Table 19. Top ten patent assignees and their strategic focus
• Table 20. Thermal batteries vs oxyhalide reserve batteries (Li-SOCl₂, Li-SO₂Cl₂)
• Table 21. Substitution risk from Li-ion primary cells (Tadiran TLM, Ultralife LTC, Saft LM/LMR)
• Table 22. Cross-manufacturer product portfolio comparison
• Table 23. Merchant supplier vs captive supplier vs government R&D
• Table 24. Missile programmes
• Table 25. Non-missile downstream applications
• Table 26. Master process step summary - inputs, outputs, environmental control
• Table 27. Powder preparation specifications - cathode FeS₂ example
• Table 28. Pressing and tape-casting parameters
• Table 29. Environmental control and stack assembly parameters
• Table 30. Welding techniques and leak test specifications
• Table 31. Qualification test protocols and compliance frameworks
• Table 32. Cross-manufacturer value chain and cost comparison
• Table 33. Master equipment supplier matrix - 12 manufacturers × 7 process steps, confidence-tagged
• Table 34. Pellet pressing equipment suppliers
• Table 35. Dry room and glove box suppliers
• Table 36. Hermetic sealing component suppliers
• Table 37. Laser and TIG welding suppliers
• Table 38. Leak detection suppliers
• Table 39. Powder processing suppliers
• Table 40. Qualification testing equipment suppliers
• Table 41. Confirmed manufacturer-supplier relationships, with confidence tags
• Table 42. Commercial accessibility assessment - willingness, restrictions, lead time
• Table 43. Export control frameworks - ITAR, EAR, Wassenaar, EU dual-use
• Table 44. Transportation regulations - IATA Dangerous Goods, UN classification, shipping constraints
• Table 45. Battery-grade FeS₂ specifications
• Table 46. FeS₂ supplier profiles
• Table 47. FeS₂ sourcing concentration and risk analysis
• Table 48. Forecast assumptions and driver quantification
• Table 49. Base-case market forecast by year, 2026-2037
• Table 50. Application-segmented forecast
• Table 51. Regional forecast
• Table 52. Chemistry-segmented forecast
• Table 53. Watchlist - key developments to monitor, 2027-2037

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Global primary thermal battery market: 2025 base and 2037 forecast
• Figure 2. Primary thermal battery - definition and boundary against adjacent categories
• Figure 3. Activation sequence and voltage-time profile
• Figure 4. Global industry structure and regional distribution of production
• Figure 5. Global primary thermal battery market development, 2020-2025
• Figure 6. Application segmentation - missiles, munitions, torpedoes, ejection seats, space, other
• Figure 7. Regional market split - North America, Europe, Middle East, Asia
• Figure 8. Market share by cathode chemistry - FeS₂, CoS₂, NiCl₂
• Figure 9. Generic primary thermal battery cross-section
• Figure 10. Ragone plot: thermal batteries vs adjacent reserve and primary chemistries
• Figure 11. Cell stack architecture with insulation, header, pyrotechnic train
• Figure 12. LiSi and LiAl anode microstructure comparison
• Figure 13. Cathode chemistry adoption trend, 1980-2025
• Figure 14. LiCl-KCl eutectic phase diagram
• Figure 15. Heat pellet layering and ignition sequence
• Figure 16. Thermal insulation configurations
• Figure 17. Glass-to-metal hermetic seal design
• Figure 18. Technology trend timeline - tape-casting, automation, alternative chemistries
• Figure 19. Competitive landscape map - market share vs technology breadth
• Figure 20. Manufacturer overview matrix
• Figure 21. Tier structure - global majors, national champions, emerging producers, and coverage-limited entities
• Figure 22. Cross-manufacturer capability radar
• Figure 23. Missile programme mapping - programme × thermal battery supplier, by region
• Figure 24. Primary thermal battery value chain - raw materials to qualified product
• Figure 25. Powder preparation process sequence
• Figure 26. Pellet pressing and tape-casting approaches compared
• Figure 27. Dry room / stack assembly workflow
• Figure 28. Can-header welding and helium leak test workflow
• Figure 29. Indicative cost structure of a qualified primary thermal battery
• Figure 30. Equipment supplier ecosystem map
• Figure 31. Equipment supplier concentration by process step
• Figure 32. Supplier commercial accessibility scoring
• Figure 33. Impact of export controls on commercial accessibility by manufacturer and customer geography
• Figure 34. FeS₂ in the primary thermal battery cost structure
• Figure 35. Natural pyrite and synthetic FeS₂ production routes
• Figure 36. Global FeS₂ supplier geographic distribution
• Figure 37. Global primary thermal battery market forecast, 2026-2037, base case
• Figure 38. Forecast by application, 2026-2037
• Figure 39. Regional forecast, 2026-2037
• Figure 40. Cathode chemistry forecast to 2037
• Figure 41. Product photograph of an EaglePicher military thermal battery.
• Figure 42. Product photograph of a Vitzrocell military thermal battery.