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市場調查報告書
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2087975

全球永續資料中心市場（2027-2037）：政策、綠色能源、效率、範圍3及預測

The Global Market for Sustainable Data Centers 2027-2037: Policy, Green Power, Efficiency, Scope 3 and Forecasts
出版日期: | 出版商: Future Markets, Inc. | 英文 405 Pages, 62 Tables, 44 Figures | 訂單完成後即時交付

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短短兩年內，永續資料中心市場已從基於企業社會責任的自願性計劃，轉變為對全球成長最快、耗電量最大的產業構成嚴峻的商業性和監管約束。這項轉變的驅動力是人工智慧的快速發展。隨著機架密度飆升、GPU熱設計功耗不斷增加，以及超大規模資料中心園區如今以千兆瓦為單位定義，資料中心的電力消耗已成為國家電網面臨的關鍵問題，直接與脫碳目標、水資源緊張、土地利用政治挑戰以及社區反對等問題相衝突。如今的瓶頸不再是資金或晶片，而是電力。由於併網等待時間可能長達數年，「電力供應速度」已成為該行業最稀缺的資源，加速了向「自帶設備」（BYOP）、表後微電網和可靠的現場發電能力等結構性轉變。

本報告分析了影響資料中心永續性的三大排放範圍的市場。範圍 2（外購電力）正透過日益豐富的可靠低碳能源組合來解決，包括購電協議 (PPA)、按小時調整的清潔能源，以及各種解決方案，例如小型模組化核子反應爐、運作核能發電廠、先進地熱發電、燃料電池和燃氣發電結合碳捕獲技術。範圍 1 和現場能效的核心在於從空氣冷卻轉向液體冷卻（晶片直接冷卻和浸沒式冷卻），因為密度已經超過了空氣冷卻的物理極限。此外，800 VDC 電源架構、寬能隙(SiC/GaN) 電力電子裝置以及運算、記憶體和光連接模組的每瓦效能也是關鍵因素。範圍 3 佔生命週期排放的大部分，包括碳去除、低碳建築（綠色鋼材、低碳水泥、大塊木材）、IT 硬體固有的碳排放以及循環經濟。

目前，政策是市場的主要驅動力。除了歐盟基於《能源效率指令》的報告體系、資料中心能源效率方案及其A-F評級系統，以及《雲端運算與人工智慧發展法案》（該法案規定容量擴張與能源效率、水資源和循環經濟掛鉤）之外，其他各項措施也在同步實施，包括美國聯邦和州政府的報告法規、中國的綠色資料中心行動計畫、新加坡的藍圖，以及英國和愛爾蘭的電網連接。諸如PUE、WUE、CUE和EPEAT等指標正逐漸從自願性基準轉變為監管指標。

因此，涵蓋發電、儲能、冷凍、電力電子、高效IT以及範圍3排放等領域的多元化技術市場正在快速擴張。本報告基於基準、嚴格監管情景和監管延遲情景，對2037年之前的電力消耗量、排放、製冷相關收入以及800VDC部署情況進行了詳細預測。如今，永續性已與人工智慧基礎設施建設的經濟效益和授權密不可分。

《2027-2037 年全球永續資料中心市場—政策、綠色能源、效率、範圍 3 與預測》是一份綜合性的 10 章市場研究報告，結合了政策分析、技術評估、到 2037 年的定量預測以及涵蓋整個永續資料中心價值鏈的 245 家公司的概況。

目錄包括：

  • 執行摘要－關鍵數據、政策趨勢、最具影響力的技術及預測結論
  • 引言和背景—資料中心類型、人工智慧應用規模化、全球部署、測量和排放計算
  • 全球政策與法規－歐盟、美國、中國、亞太地區、英國；電網互聯；標準與資訊揭露
  • 能源需求、電網負載和商業案例—國際能源總署情境、併網等待時間、水資源、碳排放強度
  • 永續發電－購電協議 (PPA)、自帶設備 (BYOP)、太陽能/風能、核能/小型模組化反應器 (SMR)、地熱能、碳捕獲、利用與封存 (CCUS)、燃料電池、儲能/低排放系統 (LDES)、能源存儲
  • 能源效率－冷卻方式（氣冷/晶片直接冷卻/浸沒式冷卻）、800VDC 和 SiC/GaN 電源、高效計算/儲存/光纖通訊
  • 範圍 3 脫碳－二氧化碳去除、綠色鋼鐵和水泥、隱含碳、循環經濟
  • 2037 年市場預測 - 電力、排放、冷卻、800 VDC 和政策情境下的敏感度。
  • 244 家公司簡介：1414 Degrees、3M、Aalo Atomics、AcBel Polytech、Accelsius、ACCURE Battery Intelligence、Airco Process Technology、Algoma Steel、AlphaESS、Ambri、AMD、Amkorum、Ampace、Antora Energy、Aperam Bioergia、Arbri、AMD、Amkors、Ampace、Antora Energy、Aperam Bioergia、Arceloradul. (AVC)、Asperitas、Atecom Technology、Auras Technology、Ayar Labs、Baker Hughes、Ballard Power Systems、Biomason、Blastr Green Steel、Bloom Energy、Boston Metal、Boyd Corporation、Brenmiller Energy、Bright Renewables、Broadcom、BYD Energy Storage、C-Capture、CalderK、Calibrant Technologies、Carbice、CarbiCrete、Carbonaide、CarbonCure、CarbonFree、CATL、CellCube、Cerebras、Ceres Power、Chart Industries科慕、中國寶武、千代田、思科系統、Climeworks、Coherent、Coolbrook、酷冷至尊、CoolIT Systems、Corintis、大連榮科、Deepent、Coolbrook、酷冷至尊、CoolIT Systems、Corintis、大連榮科、DeepC、CeepC、CUSC、C盤樂氏電盤Photonics、Electra（Electra Steel）、ElectraMet、Electrified Thermal Solutions、Element Six、Emirates Steel Arkan、Energy Dome、Energy Vault、EnergyNest、Engineered Fluids、Eoptolink、Eos Energy Enterprises、EPC（Efficient Power Conversion）、Efficient、FESS 你、Efficient、M

目錄

第1章：執行摘要

第2章：引言：資料中心市場及永續性現狀

  • 什麼是資料中心？邊緣資料中心、託管資料中心、企業級資料中心、超大規模資料中心
  • AI主導的建造：機架密度、GPU熱設計功耗與電力需求
  • 全球資料中心部署現況 - 主要市場（美國、德國、英國、愛爾蘭、北歐國家、中國、新加坡、日本）
  • 資料中心永續性指標（PUE、WUE、CUE、ERF、REF、碳強度、SCI）的解釋
  • 排放計算：範圍 1、範圍 2（基於市場與以地區為基礎）、範圍
  • 超大規模資料中心業者和託管設施的排放和淨零排放目標
  • 對水資源、土地、電網和當地社區的影響引起了公眾的關注。
  • 推動永續性措施的動機：法規、成本、聲譽和電網存取。

第3章：關於永續資料中心的全球政策與法規

  • 摘要：從自願承諾到具有約束力的法規
  • 政策工具分類系統（能源效率義務、報告/揭露、能源標籤、電網連接規定、位置/暫時中止、稅務優惠、水資源規定、採購/認證）
  • 歐洲聯盟
  • 美國
  • 中國
  • 亞太地區
  • 英國
  • 電網互聯政策作為​​貫穿各領域的主題
  • 標準、認證和揭露框架
  • 政策差距分析與展望：2026-2030 年監理方向

第4章：資料中心能源需求、電網負載和永續性方面的商業案例

  • 全球與區域電力需求預測（國際能源總署「能源與人工智慧」情境）
  • 電力缺口：互連排隊與供應限制
  • 區域電網碳排放強度
  • 用水量和水壓力暴露情況
  • 從電力接入的角度來看，具有環保意識的措施的成本、聲譽和收益。
  • 「面對現實」：石化燃料仍主導短期電力供應。

第5章 資料中心的永續電力生產

  • 脫碳範圍2：再生能源證書（REC）、購電協議（PPA）、清潔能源轉型費、小時匹配
  • 「自發電」：利用超大規模資料中心業者作為發電機，採用微電網及表後供電模式。
  • 太陽能、風能和水力發電
  • 核能：常規核反應器、小型模組化反應器（SMR）、核融合
  • 地熱和增強型地熱系統（EGS）
  • 資料中心燃氣發電中的二氧化碳捕集與利用（CCUS）。
  • 氫燃料電池（PEMFC/SOFC）
  • 電池、電池能源儲存系統(BESS)、熱能儲存和長期儲能 (LDES)
  • 基準測試：從環境、技術和成本方面對電源系統進行比較。

第6章：資料中心的能源效率

  • 超越 PUE：熱效率、電效率、IT 效率
  • 溫度控管和冷卻
  • 電源效率（電源、800VDC、配電）
  • IT效率（人工智慧晶片、記憶體、儲存、互連）
  • 合作對於確保效率至關重要（例如，歐盟評級系統、80 PLUS、國家計畫）。

第7章：範圍 3 資料中心的脫碳

  • 為什麼範圍 3 排放佔資料中心排放的絕大部分
  • 碳權額和二氧化碳移除
  • 低碳建築
  • IT硬體（伺服器、GPU底板）的碳排放與循環利用/再利用
  • 採購政策與EPEAT循環經濟標準之間的關係

第8章 市場預測，2025-2037年

  • 預測性調查方法與前提條件
  • 資料中心電力消耗量預測
  • 資料中心二氧化碳排放預測（範圍 2 和範圍 3）
  • GPU TDP 趨勢預測
  • 冷凍市場預測（依方法、收入分類）
  • 800VDC/HVDC 電力預測
  • 相關綠色技術的預測
  • 政策情境敏感度分析（基準/嚴格監管/監管延遲）

第9章：公司簡介

  • 資料中心營運商－超大規模資料中心業者和人工智慧雲端（9家公司簡介）
  • 135 家託管服務提供者（9 家公司簡介）
  • 永續發電和儲能
  • 能源效率 - 冷卻和溫度控管
  • 能源效率－電力電子、電源、配電
  • 能源效率 - 資訊科技：計算、記憶、照明
  • 半導體製造的永續性（製造過程中的碳排放）（3家公司簡介）
  • 範圍 3 碳去除/碳捕獲、利用與封存
  • 範圍 3 - 低碳建築和材料
  • 範圍 3 - 循環經濟與 IT 硬體再利用：389 個案例（2 家公司簡介）

第10章附錄

第11章參考文獻

The market for sustainable data centers has moved, in the space of two years, from a voluntary corporate-responsibility concern to a hard commercial and regulatory constraint on the single fastest-growing category of electricity demand in the world. The trigger is the AI build-out: soaring rack densities, rising GPU thermal design power, and hyperscale campuses now specified in gigawatts have pushed data-center electricity consumption onto national-grid agendas and into direct conflict with decarbonization targets, water-stress limits, land-use politics and community opposition. The defining bottleneck is no longer capital or chips but power - multi-year grid-interconnection queues have made speed-to-power the industry's scarcest resource, driving a structural shift toward "bring-your-own-power" generation, behind-the-meter microgrids and on-site firm capacity.

This report frames the market around the three emissions scopes that govern data-center sustainability. Scope 2 (purchased electricity) is being addressed through PPAs, hourly-matched clean energy, and a widening portfolio of firm low-carbon generation - small modular reactors, nuclear restarts, enhanced geothermal, fuel cells, and gas paired with carbon capture. Scope 1 and on-site efficiency center on the transition from air to liquid cooling (direct-to-chip and immersion) as densities exceed air's physical limits, alongside 800 VDC power architectures, wide-bandgap (SiC/GaN) power electronics, and performance-per-watt gains in compute, memory and optical interconnect. Scope 3 - which dominates lifecycle emissions - spans carbon dioxide removal, low-carbon construction (green steel, low-carbon cement, mass timber), embodied carbon in IT hardware, and circularity.

Policy is now the market's principal accelerant. The EU's Energy Efficiency Directive reporting scheme, the Data Centre Energy Efficiency Package and its A–F rating scheme, and the Cloud and AI Development Act (which conditions capacity growth on efficiency, water and circularity) sit alongside US federal and state reporting rules, China's green-data-center action plans, Singapore's roadmap, and grid-connection reform in the UK and Ireland. Standards such as PUE, WUE, CUE and EPEAT are hardening from voluntary benchmarks into regulatory metrics.

The result is a rapidly expanding, technology-diverse market spanning power generation, storage, cooling, power electronics, efficient IT and Scope 3 abatement - forecast in detail to 2037 across power consumption, emissions, cooling revenue and 800 VDC adoption, under baseline, stringent-regulation and delayed-regulation scenarios. Sustainability has become inseparable from the economics and permitting of building AI infrastructure at all.

The Global Market for Sustainable Data Centers 2027–2037: Policy, Green Power, Efficiency, Scope 3 and Forecasts is a comprehensive, 10-chapter market study that combines policy analysis, technology assessment, quantitative forecasts to 2037, and 245 company profiles across the full sustainable-data-center value chain.

Contents include:

  • Executive summary - headline numbers, policy landscape, highest-impact technologies, and forecast conclusions
  • Introduction & context - data-center types, AI build-out, global footprint, metrics and emissions accounting
  • Global policy & regulation - EU, US, China, APAC, UK; grid connection; standards and disclosure
  • Energy demand, grid stress & business case - IEA scenarios, interconnection queues, water, carbon intensity
  • Sustainable power generation - PPAs, BYOP, solar/wind, nuclear/SMRs, geothermal, CCUS, fuel cells, storage/LDES
  • Energy efficiency - cooling (air/direct-to-chip/immersion), 800 VDC and SiC/GaN power, efficient compute/memory/optics
  • Scope 3 decarbonization - CO₂ removal, green steel/cement, embodied carbon and circularity
  • Market forecasts to 2037 - power, emissions, cooling, 800 VDC, policy-scenario sensitivities
  • 244 company profiles 1414 Degrees, 3M, Aalo Atomics, AcBel Polytech, Accelsius, ACCURE Battery Intelligence, Airco Process Technology, Algoma Steel, AlphaESS, Ambri, AMD, Amkor Technology, Ampace, Antora Energy, Aperam BioEnergia, ArcelorMittal, Ardent, ASE Group, Asetek, Asia Vital Components (AVC), Asperitas, Atecom Technology, Auras Technology, Ayar Labs, Baker Hughes, Ballard Power Systems, Biomason, Blastr Green Steel, Bloom Energy, Boston Metal, Boyd Corporation, Brenmiller Energy, Bright Renewables, Broadcom, BYD Energy Storage, C-Capture, Caldera, Calibrant Energy, Cambridge Electric Cement, Capsol Technologies, Carbice, CarbiCrete, Carbonaide, CarbonCure, CarbonFree, CATL, CellCube, Cerebras, Ceres Power, Chart Industries, Chemours, China Baowu, Chiyoda, Cisco Systems, Climeworks, Coherent, Coolbrook, Cooler Master, CoolIT Systems, Corintis, Dalian Rongke Power, Deep Fission, Delta Electronics, Dow, Eaton Corporation, EFFECT Photonics, Electra (Electra Steel), ElectraMet, Electrified Thermal Solutions, Element Six, Emirates Steel Arkan, Energy Dome, Energy Vault, EnergyNest, Engineered Fluids, Eoptolink, Eos Energy Enterprises, EPC (Efficient Power Conversion), ESS Tech, EVE Energy, Exowatt, Fabrinet and more.....

Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1.1 Scope and definitions
  • 1.2 Why data center sustainability is now a policy issue (AI build-out, grid stress, water, land)
  • 1.3 Data center energy demand and CO₂ emissions: the headline numbers
  • 1.4 The biggest contributors to the data center carbon footprint (Scope 1/2/3 split)
  • 1.5 The global policy landscape at a glance: from voluntary targets to binding mandates
  • 1.6 Regional policy heat-map: EU, US (federal + state), China, Singapore, Japan, UK, Ireland
  • 1.7 Grid-connection policy as the new bottleneck
  • 1.8 Standards, certification and reporting (PUE, WUE, CUE, EPEAT, EU energy labels)
  • 1.9 Which sustainable technologies have the biggest impact
  • 1.10 Market forecast, 2025–2037
  • 1.11 Key conclusions and outlook

2 INTRODUCTION: THE DATA CENTER MARKET AND SUSTAINABILTY CONTEXT

  • 2.1 What is a data center? Edge, colocation, enterprise, hyperscale
  • 2.2 The AI-driven build-out: rack density, GPU TDP and power demand
  • 2.3 Global data center footprint - leading markets (US, Germany, UK, Ireland, Nordics, China, Singapore, Japan)
  • 2.4 Data center sustainability metrics explained (PUE, WUE, CUE, ERF, REF, carbon intensity, SCI)
  • 2.5 Emissions accounting: Scope 1, Scope 2 (market- vs location-based), Scope
  • 2.6 Hyperscaler and colocator emissions and net-zero targets
  • 2.7 Water, land, grid and community impacts driving public scrutiny
  • 2.8 Motivations behind sustainability action: regulation, cost, reputation, grid access

3 THE GLOBAL POLICY AND REGULATORY LANDSCAPE FOR SUSTAINABLE DATA CENTERS

  • 3.1 Overview: from voluntary pledges to binding regulation
  • 3.2 A taxonomy of policy instruments (efficiency mandates, reporting/disclosure, energy labels, grid-connection rules, siting/moratoria, tax incentives, water rules, procurement/certification)
  • 3.3 European Union
    • 3.3.1 Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) reporting scheme and the European database/dashboard
    • 3.3.2 Data Center Energy Efficiency Package and the EU rating scheme
    • 3.3.3 Minimum Performance Standards for data centers
    • 3.3.4 Cloud and AI Development Act - capacity tripling conditioned on energy/water efficiency and circularity
    • 3.3.5 EU Taxonomy and the Code of Conduct for Data Center Energy Efficiency
    • 3.3.6 Germany, France, Ireland
    • 3.3.7 Nordics and district-heating integration
  • 3.4 United States
    • 3.4.1 Federal legislative activity (data center energy/reporting bills; EIA data collection)
    • 3.4.2 State-level reporting and disclosure legislation (annotated survey)
    • 3.4.3 From moratoria to regulation: the local-permitting pivot
    • 3.4.4 State tax incentives and their sustainability conditions (Arizona, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Virginia, Washington)
    • 3.4.5 Grid interconnection and "bring-your-own-power" responses
  • 3.5 China
    • 3.5.1 National "Green Data Center" Action Plan
    • 3.5.2 Special Action Plan for Green & Low-Carbon Development of Data Centers (PUE targets, renewable share)
    • 3.5.3 "East Data, West Compute" and the China cost/efficiency advantage
  • 3.6 Asia-Pacific
    • 3.6.1 Singapore - Green Data Center Roadmap / DC-CFA mandate
    • 3.6.2 Japan - emerging data center regulation
    • 3.6.3 Other APAC markets (Malaysia, India, Australia)
  • 3.7 United Kingdom
    • 3.7.1 Ofgem grid-connection reform and the connections queue
    • 3.7.2 Critical National Infrastructure designation and planning
  • 3.8 Grid-connection policy as a cross-cutting theme
  • 3.9 Standards, certification and disclosure frameworks
    • 3.9.1 PUE/WUE/CUE as regulatory metrics
    • 3.9.2 EPEAT and the draft circularity criteria for enterprise data storage
    • 3.9.3 GHG Protocol updates: location-based and hourly matching
    • 3.9.4 ISO / CEN-CENELEC and industry codes of conduct
  • 3.10 Policy gap analysis and outlook: where regulation is heading 2026–2030

4 DATA CENTER ENERGY DEMAND, GRID STRESS AND SUSTAINABILITY BUSINESS CASE

  • 4.1 Global and regional electricity demand outlook (IEA "Energy and AI" scenarios)
  • 4.2 The power gap: interconnection queues and supply constraints
  • 4.3 Carbon intensity of grid power by geography
  • 4.4 Water use and water-stress exposure
  • 4.5 The cost, reputation and grid-access case for going green
  • 4.6 "Reality check": fossil fuels still dominate near-term power

5 SUSTAINABLE POWER GENERATION FOR DATA CENTERS

  • 5.1 Decarbonizing Scope 2: RECs, PPAs, clean transition tariffs, hourly matching
  • 5.2 "Bring your own power": hyperscalers as generators; microgrids and behind-the-meter
    • 5.2.1 Microgrid architectures and controllers
    • 5.2.2 Balancing engines and gensets (transition fuels, HVO, hydrogen-ready)
  • 5.3 Solar, wind and hydropower
    • 5.3.1 Utility-scale solar, wind and hydropower: LCOE, intermittency and land footprint
    • 5.3.2 Matching intermittent supply to flexible AI load
    • 5.3.3 Frontier siting concepts: offshore, subsea and orbital data centers
  • 5.4 Nuclear: conventional, SMRs and fusion
    • 5.4.1 Why SMRs for data centers; Gen III+ vs Gen IV designs
    • 5.4.2 Hyperscaler–developer partnerships and first deployments
    • 5.4.3 Restart/uprate of existing nuclear plants
    • 5.4.4 Fusion energy: hyperscaler offtake and the honest timeline
  • 5.5 Geothermal and enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)
  • 5.6 Carbon capture (CCUS) on gas power for data centers
    • 5.6.1 Post-combustion capture on gas turbines: technology and maturity
    • 5.6.2 The energy penalty: parasitic load and delivered megawatts
    • 5.6.3 Economics, siting and bankability of gas-plus-capture
  • 5.7 Hydrogen fuel cells (PEMFC / SOFC)
    • 5.7.1 PEMFC and SOFC: technology, efficiency and duty-cycle fit
    • 5.7.2 Fuel supply as the binding constraint
    • 5.7.3 Deployment reality check: constraints on fuel cell scaling
  • 5.8 Batteries, BESS, thermal energy storage and long-duration storage (LDES)
    • 5.8.1 UPS and grid-interactive UPS
    • 5.8.2 Li-ion (LFP/NMC) for backup and primary power
    • 5.8.3 Redox flow and alternative chemistries (sodium-ion, zinc, sodium-sulfur, liquid-metal)
    • 5.8.4 Thermal energy storage and LDES for data centers
    • 5.8.5 CO₂ and compressed-gas storage: emerging non-electrochemical LDES
  • 5.9 Benchmarking: environmental, technical and economic comparison of power sources

6 ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR DATA CENTERS

  • 6.1 Beyond PUE: thermal, electrical and IT efficiency
  • 6.2 Thermal management and cooling
    • 6.2.1 Air vs. direct-to-chip vs. immersion liquid cooling
    • 6.2.2 Thermal interface materials, cold plates, vapor chambers
    • 6.2.3 Immersion fluids and refrigerant GWP
    • 6.2.4 Waste-heat reuse and district heating
    • 6.2.5 Thermoelectric and solid-state cooling
    • 6.2.6 Comparative lifecycle emissions and cost by cooling method
  • 6.3 Power efficiency (power supply, 800 VDC, distribution)
    • 6.3.1 PSUs, 80 PLUS and efficiency programs
    • 6.3.2 SiC and GaN power electronics
    • 6.3.3 800 VDC architecture and rack power delivery
    • 6.3.4 High-temperature superconductors (HTS) for power distribution
    • 6.3.5 Power factor correction and harmonic management
  • 6.4 IT efficiency (AI chips, memory, storage, interconnect)
    • 6.4.1 AI chip performance-per-watt
    • 6.4.2 HBM/DRAM and SSD/QLC NAND energy efficiency
    • 6.4.3 Co-packaged optics and silicon photonics for interconnect efficiency
    • 6.4.4 Hardware reuse and refresh cycles
  • 6.5 Efficiency mandates linkage (EU rating scheme, 80 PLUS, national programs)

7 SCOPE 3 DECARBONIZATION FOR DATA CENTERS

  • 7.1 Why Scope 3 dominates data center emissions
  • 7.2 Carbon credits and CO₂ removal
    • 7.2.1 Removal vs. avoidance; durable vs. nature-based
    • 7.2.2 DAC, BECCS, biochar and enhanced weathering
    • 7.2.3 Hyperscaler CDR portfolios and pre-purchases
    • 7.2.4 Carbon credit market mechanics: purchasing routes, pricing and quality
    • 7.2.5 From voluntary to compliance: the convergence of carbon removal with regulation
  • 7.3 Low-carbon construction
    • 7.3.1 Green concrete and cement decarbonization
    • 7.3.2 Green steel
    • 7.3.3 Mass timber and environmental attribute certificates
    • 7.3.4 Construction cost and the green premium
  • 7.4 Embodied carbon in IT hardware (servers, GPU baseboards) and circularity/reuse
    • 7.4.1 Where embodied carbon sits: the componentry-level split of a server
    • 7.4.2 The GPU baseboard and accelerator embodied footprint
    • 7.4.3 Refresh cycles, reuse and secondary markets
  • 7.5 Procurement policy and EPEAT circularity criteria linkage

8 MARKET FORECASTS, 2025-2037

  • 8.1 Forecast methodology and assumptions
  • 8.2 Data center power and electricity consumption forecast
  • 8.3 Data center CO₂ emissions forecast (Scope 2 and Scope 3)
  • 8.4 GPU TDP trend forecast
  • 8.5 Cooling market forecast by method (revenue)
  • 8.6 800 VDC / HVDC power forecast
  • 8.7 Adjacent green-technology forecasts
  • 8.8 Policy-scenario sensitivities (baseline / stringent-regulation / delayed-regulation)

9 COMPANY PROFILES

  • 9.1 Data center operators - hyperscalers & AI clouds (9 company profiles)
  • 9.2 Colocation providers 135 (9 company profiles)
  • 9.3 Sustainable power generation & storage
    • 9.3.1 Nuclear / SMR (14 company profiles)
    • 9.3.2 Geothermal / EGS (2 company profiles)
    • 9.3.3 Fuel cells (7 company profiles)
    • 9.3.4 Solar inverters & balancing power (2 company profiles)
    • 9.3.5 Batteries, UPS & BESS (Li-ion) (16 company profiles)
    • 9.3.6 Flow, sodium, zinc & alternative chemistries (12 company profiles)
    • 9.3.7 Thermal & long-duration energy storage (LDES) (19 company profiles)
    • 9.3.8 Storage enabling technology (BMS / analytics / deployers) (4 company profiles)
    • 9.3.9 Carbon capture on power (gas CCS) (5 company profiles)
  • 9.4 Energy efficiency - cooling & thermal management
    • 9.4.1 Cooling systems (direct-to-chip / immersion / rack) (13 company profiles)
    • 9.4.2 Thermal interface materials & components (17 company profiles)
    • 9.4.3 Immersion fluids & refrigerants (4 company profiles)
    • 9.4.4 Airflow, fans & active-cooling components (5 company profiles)
  • 9.5 Energy efficiency - power electronics, PSUs & power distribution
    • 9.5.1 Wide-bandgap devices (SiC / GaN) 264 (16 company profiles)
    • 9.5.2 Power supplies & DC power delivery (PSU / 800 VDC) (2 company profiles)
    • 9.5.3 High-temperature superconductors (power distribution) 282 (1 company profiles)
  • 9.6 Energy efficiency - IT: compute, memory & optical
    • 9.6.1 AI accelerators (performance-per-watt focus) (10 company profiles)
    • 9.6.2 Memory (HBM / DRAM / NAND) (5 company profiles)
    • 9.6.3 Co-packaged optics / silicon photonics (interconnect efficiency) (23 company profiles)
  • 9.7 Semiconductor-manufacturing sustainability (embodied carbon) (3 company profiles)
  • 9.8 Scope 3 - carbon removal / CCUS
    • 9.8.1 Direct air capture (DAC) (5 company profiles)
    • 9.8.2 Point-source capture & utilization (4 company profiles)
  • 9.9 Scope 3 - low-carbon construction & materials
    • 9.9.1 Green steel (32 company profiles)
    • 9.9.2 Low-carbon cement / concrete (24 company profiles)
  • 9.10 Scope 3 - circularity & IT hardware reuse 389 (2 company profiles)

10 APPENDICES

  • 10.1 Glossary and acronyms
  • 10.2 Methodology and data sources (base year 2025; forecast to 2037)
    • 10.2.1 Research approach
    • 10.2.2 Scope, definitions and system boundary
    • 10.2.3 Base year, forecast horizon and conventions
    • 10.2.4 Construction of the power and electricity forecast
    • 10.2.5 Construction of the emissions forecast
    • 10.2.6 Scenario framework
    • 10.2.7 Adjacent-technology forecasts and attribution
    • 10.2.8 Data sources

11 REFERENCES

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Summary of major data center sustainability regulations by region, 2023–2026
  • Table 2. Sustainability metrics at a glance (PUE, WUE, CUE, ERF, REF, SCI)
  • Table 3. Forecast summary: power, electricity, CO₂, cooling, 800 VDC, SMRs, CDR, green steel
  • Table 4. Data center types compared (edge / colocation / enterprise / hyperscale)
  • Table 5. Country/region ranking by installed data center capacity
  • Table 6. Definitions of key sustainability metrics
  • Table 7. Leading hyperscalers/colocators: capacity, emissions and net-zero targets
  • Table 8. Taxonomy of data center policy instruments with examples
  • Table 9. EU EED reporting scheme - summary of requirements
  • Table 10. EU rating scheme - structure of the A–F label
  • Table 11. US state data center reporting/disclosure legislation - principal archetypes
  • Table 12. US state data center reporting/disclosure legislation (annotated)
  • Table 13. China data center PUE and renewable-energy targets by phase
  • Table 14. APAC data center mandates (Singapore, Japan) compared
  • Table 15. Grid-connection policy comparison (Ireland CRU, UK Ofgem, US ISOs)
  • Table 16. Certification and disclosure schemes (EPEAT, EU rating scheme, GHG Protocol)
  • Table 17. Data center electricity demand scenarios by region, 2025–2037
  • Table 18. Grid carbon intensity by major data center market
  • Table 19. Temporal flexibility of AI and data center workload classes
  • Table 20. Frontier data center siting concepts: status, advantage and binding constraint
  • Table 21. SMR and advanced-nuclear developers relevant to data centers
  • Table 22. SMR and advanced-nuclear developers relevant to data centers
  • Table 23. SMR and advanced-nuclear developers relevant to data centers (section 5.4.2)
  • Table 24. Announced fusion offtake agreements with technology and industrial buyers
  • Table 25. Capital raised by leading fusion developers
  • Table 26. Point-source capture technologies for gas-fired data center power
  • Table 27. Announced gas-with-capture projects serving data center load
  • Table 28. Energy penalty for a nominal 1 GW NGCC plant with 90% post-combustion capture
  • Table 29. Necessary conditions for a bankable gas-plus-capture project serving data center load
  • Table 30. PEMFC and SOFC benchmarked for data center duty
  • Table 31. Major fuel cell agreements for data center power, 2025–26
  • Table 32. Carbon intensity of on-site generation options for data centers
  • Table 33. Storage technology benchmarking for data center applications
  • Table 34. Battery / BESS / TES technology benchmarking for data center applications
  • Table 35. Long-duration energy storage technologies benchmarked for data center application
  • Table 36. Energy Dome CO₂ battery deployments relevant to data center power
  • Table 37. Benchmarking of electricity sources for data centers (LCOE, carbon intensity, availability, TRL)
  • Table 38. Cooling technology comparison
  • Table 39. Cooling technology comparison (air, D2C single/two-phase, immersion)
  • Table 40. GHG emissions and efficiency by cooling method
  • Table 41. Thermoelectric cooling in data center applications
  • Table 42. Comparative assessment of data center cooling methods
  • Table 43. AC vs. 800 VDC architecture efficiency comparison
  • Table 44. Power quality parameters and their consequences in data center electrical systems
  • Table 45. AI compute efficiency benchmarking
  • Table 46. Carbon dioxide removal methods: scale, cost and TRL
  • Table 47. Carbon credit categories, pricing and characteristics
  • Table 48. Carbon credit purchasing routes
  • Table 49. Regulatory instruments reshaping carbon credit procurement
  • Table 50. Cement/steel decarbonization technologies and green premiums
  • Table 51. Data center construction cost benchmarks, 2026
  • Table 52. Green premium by material and its effect on total project cost
  • Table 53. Embodied carbon by server component
  • Table 54. Embodied carbon by server component
  • Table 55. Indicative embodied carbon split for a conventional 2U rack server
  • Table 56. Embodied carbon drivers: conventional server versus AI accelerator baseboard
  • Table 57. IT hardware circularity hierarchy for data centers
  • Table 58. Data center power (GW) and electricity (TWh) forecast, 2025–2037
  • Table 59. Data center CO₂ forecast by scope, 2025–2037
  • Table 60. Cooling market revenue forecast by method, 2025–2037
  • Table 61. SMR / durable-CDR / green-steel / data-center BESS forecasts, 2025–2037
  • Table 62. Glossary and acronyms

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Global data center electricity consumption by workload type, 2025–2037
  • Figure 2. Data center CO₂ emissions by scope, 2025 / 2031 / 2037 (Mt CO₂/yr)
  • Figure 3. Representative Scope 1/2/3 breakdown for a hyperscale data center
  • Figure 4. Global policy timeline: key data center sustainability measures, 2020–2026
  • Figure 5. Regional regulatory-stringency heat-map
  • Figure 6. Impact vs. readiness matrix for sustainable data center technologies
  • Figure 7. Rack power density and GPU TDP trend, historical + forecast
  • Figure 8. Leading data center markets by installed capacity
  • Figure 9. Scope 2 (market- vs location-based) and Scope 3 emissions of leading hyperscalers
  • Figure 10. Global policy-instrument map by country/region
  • Figure 11. US data center regulatory activity by measure type
  • Figure 12. Typical grid-interconnection wait for large loads, by market
  • Figure 13. Regulatory-stringency vs. data center growth by market
  • Figure 14. Data centers' share of national electricity demand, 2025 vs 2030 (selected markets)
  • Figure 15. Projected data center power demand versus firm connectable supply, United States, 2025–2032
  • Figure 16. Water usage effectiveness (WUE) benchmarks by cooling approach
  • Figure 17. Clean-power procurement models compared
  • Figure 18. Microgrid architecture for a behind-the-meter data center
  • Figure 19. Data center load flexibility spectrum
  • Figure 20. Solar resource: orbit versus ground
  • Figure 21. SMR capacity serving data centers, base case and range, 2026–2037
  • Figure 22. SMR capacity serving data centers, base case and range, 2026–2037 (Source: IDTechEx forecast)
  • Figure 23. Fusion and SMR: announced first-power dates versus realistic delivery windows
  • Figure 24. Where the megawatts go: gross-to-delivered output with carbon capture
  • Figure 25. Fuel cell capacity: contracted versus deliverable, 2025–2030
  • Figure 26. Benchmarking of electricity sources for data centers: carbon intensity vs. cost, scaled by firmness
  • Figure 27. Evolution of cooling technology in new data center deployments, 2020–2037
  • Figure 28. Practical rack power density supported by each cooling method
  • Figure 29. Data center cooling value chain
  • Figure 30. Cooling lifecycle emissions and cost
  • Figure 31. Semiconductor material share in data center power supplies, 2020–2037
  • Figure 32. Relative performance-per-watt of AI compute options
  • Figure 33. Relative performance-per-watt of AI compute options
  • Figure 34. Scope 3 emissions breakdown for a representative data center
  • Figure 35. Hyperscaler durable-CDR purchase volumes
  • Figure 36. Carbon Credit Price Stack
  • Figure 37. Green premium by material
  • Figure 38. Embodied Carbon Server vs AI baseboard
  • Figure 39. Global data center power forecast (GW), 2025–2037
  • Figure 40. Data center CO₂ forecast under three policy scenarios, 2025–2037
  • Figure 41. GPU TDP trend: historical + forecast, 2025–2037
  • Figure 42. Data center cooling market revenue by method, 2025–2037
  • Figure 43. 800 VDC adoption forecast, 2025–2037
  • Figure 44. Adjacent green-technology forecasts attributable to data centers, 2025–2037