全球電動垂直起降飛行器與下一代空中交通市場（2026-2036）

電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）和下一代空中交通（AAM）市場融合了航太工程、電力推進技術、電池技術、自主系統和數位基礎設施，是全球交通運輸領域最重要的新興細分市場之一。該市場最初只是 Uber Technologies 於2016年提出的 "Uber Elevate" 計劃中的概念構想，如今已發展成為一個價值數十億美元的產業，吸引了來自領先的航太公司、汽車製造商、科技公司和政府支持基金的投資。

該市場涵蓋的範圍遠不止於飛機本身。要更佳理解它，可以採用 "5A" 生態系統框架：飛機、輔助服務（MRO）、航空公司、機場（垂直起降平台基礎設施）和空域（空中交通管理）。這一一體化生態系統為車輛製造、電池和推進系統供應、複合材料、充電基礎設施、飛行員培訓、地面基礎設施和監管認證等各個環節創造了機會。

目前，四大主流電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）架構主導整個產業。多旋翼設計（EHang、Volocopter）優先考慮短程城市交通的簡易性。升力+巡航設計（BETA Technologies、Wisk Aero）將垂直起降與前飛分離，以提高巡航效率。向量推力設計，包括傾轉旋翼（Joby Aviation、Archer Aviation）和傾轉翼（Lilium、Dufour Aerospace），可提供最大的航程和速度，但也增加了複雜性。市場從小型空中計程車擴展到更廣泛的領域。中國新創公司AutoFlight成功展示了一款5噸級的eVTOL，其最大起飛重量為5700公斤，可搭載多達10名乘客，證明該技術可擴展應用於區域間旅行、重型物流和緊急應變等領域。

空中交通管理（AAM）市場涵蓋多種出行模式，在這些模式中，電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）相較於地面交通工具具有競爭優勢：城市私人包機（8-16 公里）、區域共乘（40-80 公里）、次區域穿梭（100-160 公里）、區域共乘（50-100 公里）以及空中救護。經濟分析表明，eVTOL 解決方案的優勢在 40-160 公里範圍內最為顯著，因為在該範圍內，地面交通壅塞會抵消速度優勢。

預計到2030年，載人城市空中交通（UAM）市場規模約為 10億美元，到2050年將成長至每年 900億美元，屆時全球將有 16萬架商用載人無人機投入運營。投資人信心顯著，光是2020年上半年，電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）新創公司的融資額就從2016年的4,000萬美元飆升至9.07億美元，預計到2025年將超過65億美元。目前湧現出四種商業模式：垂直整合的系統提供者（如Joby和Lilium）、服務提供者（如Droniq和Vodafone）、硬體提供者（如勞斯萊斯和Skyports）以及將現有航班商品化的票務代理商。 電池技術仍然是最大的挑戰。目前的鋰離子電池能量密度為250-300Wh/kg，但商業化營運最終需要400-500Wh/kg或更高。從高鎳NMC電池和矽負極到鋰硫電池和固態電池等一系列技術路線圖有望縮小這一差距。認證和監管是決定市場時機的關鍵因素。關鍵的監管框架包括 EASA SC-VTOL 框架、FAA 認證流程、CAAC 低空經濟策略和 CAA 未來飛行挑戰計畫。型號認證的成本和耗時均超出預期，導致整個產業的商業化目標持續延誤。

本報告深入分析了全球電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）和下一代空中交通市場，全面評估了塑造這一新興行業的技術、公司、投資和監管框架。

目錄

第1章 執行摘要

• 範圍和目標
• 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）和下一代空中交通的定義
• 空中交通生態系統： "5A" 框架 - 飛機、輔助服務、航空公司、機場和空域
• 市場規模與成長概述（2026-2036年）
• 產業整合加速
• 淘汰企業（2024-2025年）
• 倖存者：誰還在競爭？
• 現實檢驗：物理、經濟與預期
• 監理環境
• 展望
• 主要市場驅動因素與限制因素
• 認證和監管進展資訊更新
• eVTOL 銷售預測摘要（台數）（2026-2036年）
• eVTOL 電池需求預測摘要（單位：GWh）（2026-2036年）
• eVTOL 市場收入預測摘要（2026-2036年）
• 垂直起降場基礎設施預測摘要
• 飛行員和勞動力需求預測

第2章 eVTOL 與下一代空中交通簡介

• 什麼是 eVTOL 飛機？
• 從城市空中交通（UAM）到下一代空中交通（AAM）
• 分散式電力推進：一項關鍵概念
• AAM 網路優勢
• 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）應用：空中計程車、貨運、空中救護和軍事用途
• 目前通用航空：直升機和固定翼飛機
• 為什麼直升機不適合大規模城市空中交通
• 全球直升機機隊規模與通用航空市場規模
• 是什麼讓電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）成為可能？
• 空中交通管理價值鏈與新興生態系
• 電動垂直起降（eVTOL）空中計程車系統的關鍵問題、挑戰與限制
• 美國國家航空暨太空總署（NASA）：城市空中交通（UAM）的挑戰與限制

第3章 eVTOL 架構與設計

• 全球 eVTOL 飛機目錄與地理分佈
• 主要 eVTOL 架構概述
• 選擇 eVTOL 架構：權衡與考量
• 多旋翼/旋翼機：飛行模式、主要公司、規格、優勢和劣勢
• 升力+巡航：飛行模式、主要公司、規格、優勢和劣勢
• 向量推力 - 傾轉翼：飛行模式、主要公司、規格、優勢和劣勢
• 向量推力 - 傾轉旋翼機：飛行模式、主要公司、規格、優勢和劣勢
• 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）設計的航程與巡航速度比較
• 各架構的懸停效率、碟片負載和巡航效率
• 複雜性、關鍵性和巡航性能
• eVTOL 架構的比較評估
• 載人與無人 eVTOL 試飛的進展
• 全尺寸示範機和型號認證的現狀

第4章 行程應用案例與路線最佳化

• eVTOL 相對於地面交通具有競爭優勢的領域
• 城市私人計程車：eVTOL 與計程車/叫車服務比較（8-16 公里）
• 鄉村私人計程車：eVTOL 與私家車比較（16-40 公里）
• 鄉村共乘：eVTOL 與多輛私家車比較（40-80 公里）
• 區域短程運輸：eVTOL 與鐵路運輸對比（100-160 公里）
• 貨物運輸：eVTOL 與公路運輸對比
• 空中救護：eVTOL 與直升機緊急救援服務比較（60-100 公里）
• 多旋翼 eVTOL 與無人駕駛計程車比較：10 公里、40 公里與 100 公里行程比較
• 向量推力 eVTOL 與無人駕駛計程車比較：100 公里行程
• 空中計程車時間優勢背後的因素
• 關於空中計程車的結論節省時間及可行應用案例
• eVTOL 作為城市大眾出行解決方案：可行性評估

第5章 總擁有成本與經濟分析

• TCO分析方法
• eVTOL 與直升機運作成本比較
• eVTOL 飛行器初始成本分析
• eVTOL 運作期間的燃油成本降低
• 自主飛行的經濟價值
• 總擁有成本分析：eVTOL 滑行（基準情境）每 50 公里行程（美元）
• 總擁有成本分析：每 15 公里行程 - 多旋翼 eVTOL 設計
• 敏感度分析：電池成本與效能
• 敏感度分析：初始成本/基礎設施成本
• 敏感度分析：平均行程距離
• 敏感度分析：eVTOL 高/低資本成本
• 敏感度分析：飛行時間縮短和前往垂直起降場的行程時間增加
• 敏感度分析：早期自主飛行能力（2030年和2035年）
• 社會經濟影響評估：直接/間接優勢

第6章 融資、投資與商業模式

• 空中交通融資格局：過去與當前的趨勢
• eVTOL 原始設備製造商（OEM）完成大規模融資
• 策略投資者：航空航太與汽車 OEM
• eVTOL OEM 必須應對充滿挑戰的投資環境
• eVTOL 商業興趣：預訂與意向書
• 典型商業模式：系統供應商、服務提供者、硬體提供者和票務代理商
• OEM 模式與垂直整合模式
• 整合與洗牌展望
• 新的製造工廠和生產計劃
• 面向製造的設計（DfM）和大規模生產的挑戰

第7章 航空航太與汽車供應商：eVTOL活動

• 航空航太公司參與電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）領域
  • RTX Corporation
  • General Electric
  • SAFRAN
  • Rolls-Royce
  • Honeywell
• 汽車原始設備製造商（OEM）參與
• 複合材料供應商
• 供應鏈架構：內部生產與外包模式

第8章 eVTOL OEM 市場中的公司

• Joby Aviation
• Archer Aviation (and Stellantis Partnership)
• Lilium
• Volocopter (VoloCity)
• Vertical Aerospace
• EHang
• Wisk Aero
• Eve Air Mobility (Embraer)
• Supernal (Hyundai)
• Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen)
• SkyDrive
• Autoflight (Prosperity I)
• Jaunt Air Mobility
• Honda eVTOL
• 其他OEM廠商簡介
• 各公司計畫產能對比
• 主要OEM廠商的供應商合作關係

第9章 支持eVTOL發展的項目與舉措

• Uber Elevate Legacy and Joby Aviation
• US Air Force：Agility Prime
• NASA：Advanced Air Mobility Mission and National Campaign
• Groupe ADP eVTOL Test Area (Paris 2024 and Beyond)
• China's Unmanned Civil Aviation Zones and Low-Altitude Economy Initiative
• Favourable Policies and Regulations Supporting China's UAM
• K-UAM Grand Challenge：South Korea
• UK Future Flight Challenge (FFC) and CAA Initiatives
• NEOM and Middle Eastern AAM Investments
• Varon Vehicles：UAM in Latin America
• Global Urban Air Mobility Radar：110+ Projects Worldwide

第10章 eVTOL 電池

• eVTOL 電池詳情：電池三難困境
• eVTOL 電池需求清單與要求
• 重力能量密度（Wh/kg）在航空領域的重要性
• 用於電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）的鋰離子正負極基準測試
• 鋰離子電池發展歷程：技術與性能演進
• 矽負極在 eVTOL 應用的前景
• 航空電池組尺寸與能量密度考量
• 主要 eVTOL 原始設備製造商（OEM）電池規格
• eVTOL 電池：比能量和放電倍率
• 單體電池到電池組和模組化消除方案
• 超越鋰離子電池：航空用鋰硫電池
• 超越鋰離子電池：鋰金屬電池和固態電池（SSB）
• 固態電池開發商
• 寧德時代（CATL）的濃縮電池和其他先進概念
• 電池技術發展預測（2026-2036年）（Wh/kg 路線圖）
• 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）電池化學成分比較：NMC、NCA、LFP、SSB、Li-S
• 電池快速充電、電池更換和分散式模組
• 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）電池成本分析與展望
• 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）電池供應鏈
• 主要電池供應商
• 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）電池需求預測（2026-2036年）（GWh）
• 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）電池市場收入預測（2026-2036年）

第11章 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）充電標準與能源基礎設施

• AAM 市場競爭充電標準
• 全球電動航空充電系統（GEACS）
• BETA Technologies 充電（基於 CCS）
• EPS 充電解決方案
• 電網功率需求垂直起降場充電
• 適用於偏遠垂直起降場的離網和再生能源解決方案

第12章 燃料電池與混合動力電動垂直起降飛行器

• 航空領域的氫能應用方案
• 氫動力飛機所需的關鍵系統
• 電動垂直起降飛行器的質子交換膜燃料電池
• 氫動力航空企業展望
• 燃料電池電動垂直起降飛行器：公司與規格
• 阻礙氫動力航空發展的挑戰
• 氫燃料電池電動垂直起降飛行器的結論
• 混合動力推進系統：串連架構
• 混合動力系統最佳化
• 電動車續航里程與燃料電池及混合動力系統的比較
• 混合動力推進：渦輪機和活塞發動機
• Honda的電動垂直起降飛行器混合動力推進系統系統
• 混合動力垂直起降飛行器結論

第13章 馬達與推進系統

• 電動垂直起降飛行器馬達/動力系統需求
• 電動垂直起降飛行器馬達功率尺寸及千瓦估算
• 馬達和分散式電力推進
• 馬達數量：依電動垂直起降飛行器設計劃分
• 馬達設計：牽引馬達類型概述
• 馬達效率比較：永磁同步馬達（PMSM）與無刷直流馬達（BLDC）
• 徑向磁通電機與軸向磁通電機
• 為什麼選擇軸向磁通馬達用於電動垂直起降飛行器？
• 軸向磁通電機公司列表及基準測試
• 主要馬達供應商
• 功率密度與扭力密度比較：航空電機
• 電力電子：用於電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）MOSFET 和高壓平台的碳化矽（SiC）

第14章 複合材料與輕量化

• 輕量化在電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）設計中的重要性
• 輕量化材料比較
• 複合材料簡介：纖維、樹脂和增強材料
• 電動垂直起降飛行器的碳纖維增強聚合物（CFRP）
• 玻璃纖維與熱塑性複合材料
• 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）複合材料要求
• 複合材料製造商的供應鏈
• 重要的電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）複合材料合作夥伴
• 大規模生產的關鍵複合材料挑戰電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）

第15章 自主性、航空電子設備與軟體

• 從有人駕駛到自主eVTOL的路線圖
• 飛行員需求與技能水準的演變（2026-2036）
• 探測與規避（DAA）系統
• 超視距（BVLOS）能力
• 人工智慧賦能的自主飛行系統
• eVTOL的軟體定義方法：從汽車產業的SDV轉型中汲取的經驗教訓
• eVTOL的感測器融合與感知系統
• 網路安全與空中交通管理（AAM）考慮因素

第16章 法規與認證

• eVTOL認證概論
• 歐盟航空安全局（歐洲航空安全局）
• EASA 特殊條件：SC-VTOL 與認證類別
• EASA EUROCAE 工作小組
• 美國聯邦航空管理局（FAA）認證途徑
• 中國民用航空局（CAAC）與低空經濟成長政策
• 英國民航局（CAA）與 FFC 與 EASA/FAA 的合作
• 國家航空管理局（NAA）網路：英國、澳洲、加拿大、紐西蘭和美國
• 設計機構授權（DOA）和生產機構授權（POA）
• 航空業者證書（AOC）和航空企業的監管要求
• 尋求 eVTOL 開發和監管批准的公司：狀態追蹤器
• 不斷變化的飛行員執照和訓練要求
• 噪音、環境與安全法規
• 首架 eVTOL 空中計程車何時到來？評估延誤的時間表

第17章 垂直起降場與地面基礎設施

• 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）基礎設施需求：概述
• 垂直起降場概念：從基本停機坪到全方位服務樞紐
• 垂直起降場節點網路設計
• 開發垂直起降場的公司
• 垂直起降場設計概念
• Lilium 可擴展垂直起降場
• BETA Technologies 充電平台
• 億航電子港
• 垂直起降場技術挑戰：房地產、規劃許可和多用途設施
• 垂直起降場安全：生物辨識處理、行李處理與反無人機
• 垂直起降場預測：2026-2036年所需數量
• "先有雞還是先有蛋" 的問題：垂直起降場在獲得認證之前飛行器

第18章 空中交通管理與空域融合

• 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）城市空中交通管理（UATM）要求
• UTM/ATM融合：有人駕駛與無人駕駛交通的融合
• NASA/FAA城市空中交通運行概念（ConOps）
• 歐洲UTM框架與標準化
• 通訊基礎設施：5G、低延遲網路與冗餘
• 數位基礎設施與無人機運作中心
• UTM標準的全球碎片化

第19章 公眾認知、安全與社會許可

• 民眾對空中交通管理（AAM）的接受度：調查資料與趨勢
• 歐洲航空安全局（EASA）認知研究
• 英國民眾對無人機和空中交通管理（AAM）的認知
• 安全性以及安全考量
• 噪音影響和社區擔憂
• 建立社會許可：參與策略與政府舉措
• 商用無人機運作在未來航空標準化中的作用

第20章 與鄰近市場的整合

• 電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）和更廣泛的無人機市場：平台融合
• 貨運無人機與大型自主飛行器
• 電動常規起降飛行器（eCTOL）
• 軟體定義車輛與跨界技術
• 與自動駕駛車輛（無人駕駛計程車）的競爭與互補
• 多式聯運一體化與旅遊即服務（MaaS）
• 低空經濟：中國的戰略框架

第21章 區域市場分析

• 北美：美國和加拿大
• 歐洲：歐盟、英國、歐洲自由貿易聯盟
• 亞太地區：中國、韓國、日本、東南亞、澳洲
• 中東：阿拉伯聯合大公國、沙烏地阿拉伯（NEOM）、海灣國家
• 拉丁美洲
• 非洲
• 區域監管對比和市場准入時間表

第22章 市場預測（2026-2036）

• 預測方法與假設
• 全球電動垂直起降飛行器（eVTOL）空中計程車銷售預測（2026-2036）
• 依地區/經濟體劃分的eVTOL銷售預測
• 依架構類型劃分的eVTOL收入預測
• 依應用領域（空中計程車、貨運、空中救護、軍事）劃分的eVTOL收入預測
• 替換與新增需求：機隊生命週期分析
• eVTOL空中計程車電池需求預測（2026-2036）
• eVTOL市場收入預測（2026-2036）
• 垂直起降場部署預測（2026-2036）
• 勞動力與飛行員需求預測（2026-2036）

第23章 結論

• 市場展望概要
• 主要發現
• 策略建議

第24章 公司簡介

• eVTOL OEM 廠商簡介（29 家公司簡介）
• 所有權 eVTOL 業務的航空航太一級供應商（6 家公司簡介）
• 電池和儲能供應商（12 家公司簡介）
• 電機與推進系統供應商（8 家公司簡介）
• 複合材料與輕量化供應商（4 家公司簡介）
• 垂直起降場與基礎設施開發商（5 家公司簡介）
• 空中交通管理和數位基礎設施提供者（6 家公司簡介）
• 投資 eVTOL 的汽車 OEM 廠商（6 家公司簡介）
• 飛機租賃和機隊運營商
• 貨運無人機和整合 AAM 公司（5 家公司簡介）
• 充電基礎設施供應商
• 氫能和燃料電池系統供應商

第25章 附錄

第26章 參考文獻

The electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) market represents one of the most significant emerging sectors in global transportation, positioned at the convergence of aerospace engineering, electric propulsion, battery technology, autonomous systems, and digital infrastructure. What began as a conceptual vision - catalysed by Uber Technologies' 2016 "Uber Elevate" announcement - has evolved into a multi-billion-dollar industry attracting investment from aerospace giants, automotive OEMs, technology companies, and sovereign wealth funds.

The market encompasses far more than the aircraft themselves. It is best understood through the "5As" ecosystem framework: Aircraft, Ancillary services (MRO), Airlines (operators), Airports (vertiport infrastructure), and Airspace (air traffic management). This integrated ecosystem generates opportunities across vehicle manufacturing, battery and propulsion supply, composite materials, charging infrastructure, pilot training, ground infrastructure, and regulatory certification.

The industry has coalesced around four principal eVTOL architectures. Multicopter designs (EHang, Volocopter) prioritise simplicity for short urban journeys. Lift+cruise configurations (BETA Technologies, Wisk Aero) separate vertical lift and forward flight for improved cruise efficiency. Vectored thrust designs - tiltrotor (Joby Aviation, Archer Aviation) and tiltwing (Lilium, Dufour Aerospace) - offer the greatest range and speed but increased complexity. The market is now scaling beyond small air taxis; Chinese start-up AutoFlight has demonstrated a five-tonne-class eVTOL carrying up to 10 passengers with 5,700 kg maximum take-off weight, validating that the technology can extend to regional travel, heavy logistics, and emergency response.

The AAM market addresses multiple journey types where eVTOL holds competitive advantage over ground transport: urban private hire (8-16 km), rural rideshare (40-80 km), sub-regional shuttle (100-160 km), cargo delivery (50-100 km), and air ambulance operations. Economic analysis demonstrates eVTOL solutions become most compelling at 40-160 km distances where ground congestion erodes speed advantages of surface transport.

The passenger UAM market is projected to grow from approximately US$1 billion around 2030 to US$90 billion annually by 2050, with 160,000 commercial passenger drones in operation worldwide. Investor confidence has been remarkable - funding in eVTOL startups grew from US$40 million in 2016 to US$907 million in the first half of 2020 alone, and in 2025 exceeded $6.5 billion. Four business model archetypes are emerging: system providers seeking vertical integration (Joby, Lilium), service providers (Droniq, Vodafone), hardware providers (Rolls-Royce, Skyports), and ticket brokers commoditising available flights.

Battery technology remains the foremost challenge: current lithium-ion cells deliver 250-300 Wh/kg, but commercially viable operations ultimately require 400-500+ Wh/kg. A roadmap from high-nickel NMC and silicon anodes through lithium-sulfur and solid-state batteries is expected to close this gap. Certification and regulation represent the single greatest determinant of market timing - EASA's SC-VTOL framework, the FAA's certification pathways, CAAC's low-altitude economy strategy, and the UK CAA's Future Flight Challenge programme are the principal regulatory frameworks. Type certification has proven more costly and time-consuming than projected, causing a series of postponed commercialisation targets across the industry.

The market is developing at different speeds globally. North America leads in OEM development and regulatory progress. Europe benefits from EASA's proactive framework. China is emerging as a potentially dominant market through national low-altitude economy policy. The Middle East is investing heavily as part of smart city strategies. New ground infrastructure - vertiports ranging from basic landing pads to full-service urban hubs - requires substantial investment ahead of fleet deployment, creating a "chicken and egg" challenge.

The eVTOL market is entering a critical phase. First commercial air taxi services are expected in 2026-2028, initially at premium price points with limited route networks. The subsequent decade will determine whether the industry achieves the scale economics, autonomous capability, and public acceptance necessary to transition from niche service to mass mobility solution.

The electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) market is poised for transformative growth over the next decade, driven by converging advances in battery technology, electric propulsion, autonomous systems, composite materials, and digital airspace infrastructure. This comprehensive market research report provides in-depth analysis of the entire eVTOL ecosystem - from aircraft architectures and total cost of ownership through to vertiport infrastructure, air traffic management, regulation, and 10-year market forecasts to 2036.

The report examines the market through the "5As" ecosystem framework providing a holistic assessment of the technologies, companies, investments, and regulatory frameworks shaping this emerging industry. With passenger UAM revenues projected to reach US$90 billion annually by 2050 and first commercial air taxi services expected from 2026-2028, the report delivers the market intelligence needed by investors, OEMs, suppliers, infrastructure developers, regulators, and strategic planners to navigate this rapidly evolving sector.

Four principal eVTOL architectures are assessed in detail - multicopter, lift+cruise, tiltwing, and tiltrotor - with specifications, performance benchmarks, and comparative analysis across range, speed, hover efficiency, noise, and certification complexity. Six journey use cases are modelled with full economic analysis comparing eVTOL against ground transport alternatives including robotaxis, covering urban private hire, rural rideshare, sub-regional shuttle, cargo delivery, and air ambulance operations.

The battery technology chapter provides extensive coverage of lithium-ion cathode and anode chemistries, silicon anodes, lithium-sulfur, solid-state batteries, and cell-to-pack architectures, with energy density roadmaps and cost trajectories to 2036. Dedicated chapters cover electric motors and propulsion systems (axial flux vs. radial flux, SiC power electronics), composite materials and lightweighting (CFRP, glass fibre, thermoplastics), charging standards (GEACS, CCS), and fuel cell and hybrid-electric powertrains.

Regulation and certification analysis spans EASA SC-VTOL, FAA Part 21/23/135, CAAC low-altitude economy policy, UK CAA Future Flight Challenge, and global certification timeline tracking. Regional market analysis covers North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East, Latin America, and Africa with regulatory comparison matrices and market entry timelines.

Report contents include:

• Executive summary with key market metrics and forecast summaries
• eVTOL architecture analysis: multicopter, lift+cruise, tiltwing, tiltrotor specifications and benchmarking
• Six journey use case models with cost, time, and emissions comparisons
• Total cost of ownership analysis with extensive sensitivity modelling
• Funding, investment trends, business model archetypes, and consolidation outlook
• Battery technology deep-dive: Li-ion, silicon anode, Li-S, solid-state, cost and energy density roadmaps
• Electric motor and propulsion system analysis: axial flux, radial flux, power electronics
• Composite materials: CFRP, supply chain, manufacturing challenges
• Charging standards and energy infrastructure
• Fuel cell and hybrid-electric propulsion systems
• Autonomy roadmap, AI flight systems, sensor fusion, cybersecurity
• Regulation and certification: EASA, FAA, CAAC, UK CAA, timeline tracking
• Vertiport infrastructure: design concepts, forecasts, security requirements
• Air traffic management and UTM/ATM integration
• Public perception, noise impact, and social licence
• Convergence with drones, eCTOL, robotaxis, MaaS, and China's low-altitude economy
• Regional market analysis: six regions with regulatory comparison
• 10-year market forecasts: unit sales, revenue, battery demand, vertiport deployment, workforce
• Scenario analysis: conservative, base case, and optimistic
• 174 tables, 95 figures, 120+ company profiles

Companies profiled (alphabetical order) include but are not limited to Acodyne, AeroMobil, Air (AIR), Airbus, AltoVolo, Amprius, Archer Aviation, Ascendance Flight Technologies, Autoflight, Avolon, Bell Textron, BETA Technologies, CATL, CORGAN, CycloTech, Daimler (Mercedes-Benz Group), Deutsche Flugsicherung, Deutsche Telekom, Diehl Aviation, Doosan Mobility Innovation, Doroni Aerospace, Dronamics, Droniq, Dufour Aerospace, EHang, Electric Power Systems (EPS), Elroy Air, Embention, EMRAX, Enpower Greentech, Enovix, ePropelled, ERC System, Eve Air Mobility, Factorial Energy, Geely, General Electric (GE Aerospace), GKN Aerospace, Group14 Technologies, Groupe ADP, H3X, HES Energy Systems, Hexcel, Honda, Honeywell, Hyundai Motor Group, Intelligent Energy, Ionblox, Jaunt Air Mobility, Joby Aviation, Lilium, Lyten, MAGicALL, magniX, MGM COMPRO, Molicel, Monumo, MVRDV, Natilus, Overair, Pipistrel/Textron eAviation, QuantumScape and more.......

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1 Report Scope and Objectives
• 1.2 Defining eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility
• 1.3 The AAM Ecosystem: The "5As" Framework - Aircraft, Ancillary, Airline, Airport, Airspace
• 1.4 Market Size and Growth Summary 2026-2036
• 1.5 Industry Consolidation Accelerates
• 1.6 The Casualties: 2024-2025
• 1.7 The Survivors: Who Remains in the Race
  • 1.7.1 Tier 1 - Approaching FAA Certification
  • 1.7.2 Tier 2 - Earlier-Stage but Well-Funded
  • 1.7.3 Chinese Leaders - Operational but Geographically Constrained
• 1.8 The Reality Check: Physics, Economics, and Expectations
• 1.9 Regulatory Landscape
• 1.10 Outlook
• 1.11 Key Market Drivers and Restraints
• 1.12 Certification and Regulatory Progress Update
• 1.13 eVTOL Unit Sales Forecast Summary (Units) 2026-2036
• 1.14 eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast Summary (GWh) 2026-2036
• 1.15 eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast Summary (US$ billion) 2026-2036
• 1.16 Vertiport Infrastructure Forecast Summary
• 1.17 Pilot and Workforce Requirements Forecast

2 INTRODUCTION TO eVTOL AND ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

• 2.1 What is an eVTOL Aircraft?
• 2.2 From Urban Air Mobility (UAM) to Advanced Air Mobility (AAM)
• 2.3 Distributed Electric Propulsion: The Enabling Concept
• 2.4 Advantages of AAM Networks
• 2.5 eVTOL Applications: Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military
• 2.6 Current General Aviation Aircraft: Helicopters and Fixed-Wing
• 2.7 Why Helicopters Are Not Suitable for UAM at Scale
• 2.8 Worldwide Helicopter Fleet and General Aviation Market Size
• 2.9 What is Making eVTOL Possible Now?
• 2.10 The AAM Value Chain and Emerging Ecosystem
• 2.11 Key Issues, Challenges, and Constraints for eVTOL Air Taxis
• 2.12 NASA: UAM Challenges and Constraints

3 eVTOL ARCHITECTURES AND DESIGN

• 3.1 World eVTOL Aircraft Directory and Geographical Distribution
• 3.2 Main eVTOL Architectures Overview
• 3.3 eVTOL Architecture Choice: Trade-Offs and Considerations
• 3.4 Multicopter/Rotorcraft: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
• 3.5 Lift + Cruise: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
• 3.6 Vectored Thrust - Tiltwing: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
• 3.7 Vectored Thrust - Tiltrotor: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
• 3.8 Range and Cruise Speed Comparison Across Electric eVTOL Designs
• 3.9 Hover Lift Efficiency, Disc Loading, and Cruise Efficiency by Architecture
• 3.10 Complexity, Criticality, and Cruise Performance
• 3.11 Comparative Assessment of eVTOL Architectures
• 3.12 Manned and Unmanned eVTOL Test Flight Progress
• 3.13 Full-Scale Demonstrators and Type-Conforming Aircraft Status

4 JOURNEY USE CASES AND ROUTE OPTIMISATION

• 4.1 Where eVTOL Has a Competitive Advantage Over Ground Transport
• 4.2 Urban Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Taxi/Ride-Hailing (8-16 km)
• 4.3 Rural Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Private Car (16-40 km)
• 4.4 Rural Rideshare: eVTOL vs. Multiple Private Cars (40-80 km)
• 4.5 Sub-Regional Shuttle: eVTOL vs. Rail (100-160 km)
• 4.6 Cargo Delivery: eVTOL vs. Road Transport (Middle-Mile, 50-100 km)
• 4.7 Air Ambulance: eVTOL vs. Helicopter Emergency Services (60-100 km)
• 4.8 Multicopter eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 10 km, 40 km, and 100 km Journey Comparisons
• 4.9 Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 100 km Journey
• 4.10 Important Factors for Air Taxi Time Advantage
• 4.11 Conclusions on Air Taxi Time Saving and Viable Use Cases
• 4.12 eVTOL as an Urban Mass Mobility Solution: Feasibility Assessment

5 TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

• 5.1 TCO Analysis Methodology
• 5.2 eVTOL vs. Helicopter Operating Cost Comparison
• 5.3 eVTOL Aircraft Upfront Cost Analysis (Pound 3m-Pound 5m Range)
• 5.4 eVTOL Operational Fuel Cost Savings
• 5.5 The Economic Value of Autonomous Flight
• 5.6 TCO Analysis: eVTOL Taxi US$/50 km Trip (Base Case)
• 5.7 TCO Analysis: US$/15 km Trip - Multicopter eVTOL Design
• 5.8 Sensitivity Analysis: Battery Cost and Performance
• 5.9 Sensitivity Analysis: Upfront/Infrastructure Cost
• 5.10 Sensitivity Analysis: Average Trip Length
• 5.11 Sensitivity Analysis: Higher/Lower eVTOL Capital Costs
• 5.12 Sensitivity Analysis: Reduced Flying Window and Increased Vertiport Travel Time
• 5.13 Sensitivity Analysis: Earlier Autonomous Capability (2030 vs. 2035)
• 5.14 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment: Direct and Indirect Benefits

6 FUNDING, INVESTMENT, AND BUSINESS MODELS

• 6.1 Air Mobility Funding Landscape: Historical and Current Trends
• 6.2 eVTOL OEMs Attracting Large Funding Rounds
• 6.3 Strategic Investors: Aerospace and Automotive OEMs
• 6.4 eVTOL OEMs Will Have to Weather a Tougher Investor Climate
• 6.5 eVTOL Commercial Interest: Pre-Orders and Letters of Intent
• 6.6 Business Model Archetypes: System Providers, Service Providers, Hardware Providers, Ticket Brokers
• 6.7 OEM Model vs. Vertically Integrated Model
• 6.8 Consolidation and Shake-Out Outlook
• 6.9 New Manufacturing Facilities and Production Plans
• 6.10 Design for Manufacture (DfM) and High-Volume Production Challenges

7 AEROSPACE AND AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIERS: eVTOL ACTIVITY

• 7.1 Aerospace Companies eVTOL Involvement
  • 7.1.1 RTX Corporation
  • 7.1.2 General Electric
  • 7.1.3 SAFRAN
  • 7.1.4 Rolls-Royce
  • 7.1.5 Honeywell
• 7.2 Automotive OEM Involvement
• 7.3 Composite Material Suppliers
• 7.4 Supply Chain Structure: Insource vs. Outsource Models

8 eVTOL OEM MARKET PLAYERS

• 8.1 Joby Aviation
• 8.2 Archer Aviation (and Stellantis Partnership)
• 8.3 Lilium
• 8.4 Volocopter (VoloCity)
• 8.5 Vertical Aerospace
• 8.6 EHang
• 8.7 Wisk Aero
• 8.8 Eve Air Mobility (Embraer)
• 8.9 Supernal (Hyundai)
• 8.10 Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen)
• 8.11 SkyDrive
• 8.12 Autoflight (Prosperity I)
• 8.13 Jaunt Air Mobility
• 8.14 Honda eVTOL
• 8.15 Additional OEM Profiles
• 8.16 Players' Planned Production Capacity Comparison
• 8.17 Key Supplier Partnerships by OEM

9 PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES SUPPORTING eVTOL DEVELOPMENT

• 9.1 Uber Elevate Legacy and Joby Aviation
• 9.2 US Air Force: Agility Prime
• 9.3 NASA: Advanced Air Mobility Mission and National Campaign
• 9.4 Groupe ADP eVTOL Test Area (Paris 2024 and Beyond)
• 9.5 China's Unmanned Civil Aviation Zones and Low-Altitude Economy Initiative
• 9.6 Favourable Policies and Regulations Supporting China's UAM
• 9.7 K-UAM Grand Challenge: South Korea
• 9.8 UK Future Flight Challenge (FFC) and CAA Initiatives
• 9.9 NEOM and Middle Eastern AAM Investments
• 9.10 Varon Vehicles: UAM in Latin America
• 9.11 Global Urban Air Mobility Radar: 110+ Projects Worldwide

10 BATTERIES FOR eVTOL

• 10.1 Battery Specifics for eVTOLs: The Battery Trilemma
• 10.2 eVTOL Battery Wish List and Requirements
• 10.3 Importance of Gravimetric Energy Density (Wh/kg) for Aviation
• 10.4 Li-ion Cathode and Anode Benchmarking for eVTOL
• 10.5 Li-ion Timeline: Technology and Performance Evolution
• 10.6 The Promise of Silicon Anodes for eVTOL Applications
• 10.7 Aerospace Battery Pack Sizing and Energy Density Considerations
• 10.8 Battery Specifications of Leading eVTOL OEMs
• 10.9 eVTOL Batteries: Specific Energy vs. Discharge Rates
• 10.10 Cell-to-Pack and Module Elimination Approaches
• 10.11 Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Aviation
• 10.12 Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Metal and Solid-State Batteries (SSB)
• 10.13 Solid-State Battery Developers
• 10.14 CATL Condensed Battery and Other Advanced Concepts
• 10.15 Battery Technology Evolution Forecast: 2026-2036 (Wh/kg Roadmap)
• 10.16 Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL: NMC, NCA, LFP, SSB, Li-S
• 10.17 Battery Fast Charging, Battery Swapping, and Distributed Modules
• 10.18 eVTOL Battery Cost Analysis and Trajectory
• 10.19 eVTOL Battery Supply Chain
• 10.20 Key Battery Suppliers
• 10.21 eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast 2026-2036 (GWh)
• 10.22 eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026-2036 (US$ million)

11 CHARGING STANDARDS AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR eVTOL

• 11.1 Competing Charging Standards in the AAM Market
• 11.2 Global Electric Aviation Charging System (GEACS)
• 11.3 BETA Technologies Charging (CCS-Based)
• 11.4 EPS Charging Solutions
• 11.5 Grid Power Requirements for Vertiport Charging
• 11.6 Off-Grid and Renewable Energy Solutions for Remote Vertiports

12 FUEL CELL AND HYBRID eVTOL

• 12.1 Options for Hydrogen Use in Aviation
• 12.2 Key Systems Needed for Hydrogen Aircraft
• 12.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for eVTOL
• 12.4 Hydrogen Aviation Company Landscape
• 12.5 Fuel Cell eVTOL: Players and Specifications
• 12.6 Challenges Hindering Hydrogen Aviation
• 12.7 Conclusions for Hydrogen Fuel Cell eVTOL
• 12.8 Hybrid Propulsion Systems: Series and Parallel Architectures
• 12.9 Hybrid Systems Optimisation
• 12.10 All-Electric Range vs. Fuel Cell and Hybrid Powertrains
• 12.11 Hybrid Propulsion: Turbines and Piston Engines
• 12.12 Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System
• 12.13 Conclusions for Hybrid eVTOL

13 ELECTRIC MOTORS AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS

• 13.1 eVTOL Motor/Powertrain Requirements
• 13.2 eVTOL Aircraft Motor Power Sizing and kW Estimates
• 13.3 Electric Motors and Distributed Electric Propulsion
• 13.4 Number of Electric Motors by eVTOL Design
• 13.5 Electric Motor Designs: Summary of Traction Motor Types
• 13.6 Motor Efficiency Comparison: PMSM vs. BLDC
• 13.7 Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motors
• 13.8 Why Axial Flux Motors for eVTOL?
• 13.9 List of Axial Flux Motor Players and Benchmark
• 13.10 Key Motor Suppliers
• 13.11 Power Density and Torque Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation
• 13.12 Power Electronics: SiC MOSFETs and High-Voltage Platforms for eVTOL

14 COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND LIGHTWEIGHTING

• 14.1 The Importance of Lightweighting in eVTOL Design
• 14.2 Comparison of Lightweight Materials
• 14.3 Introduction to Composite Materials: Fibres, Resins, and Reinforcements
• 14.4 Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) for eVTOL
• 14.5 Glass Fibres and Thermoplastic Composites
• 14.6 eVTOL Composite Material Requirements
• 14.7 Supply Chain for Composite Manufacturers
• 14.8 Key eVTOL-Composite Partnerships
• 14.9 Key Challenges for Composites in High-Volume eVTOL Production

15 AUTONOMY, AVIONICS, AND SOFTWARE

• 15.1 The Roadmap from Piloted to Autonomous eVTOL Flight
• 15.2 Pilot Demand and Skill Level Evolution: 2026-2036
• 15.3 Detect and Avoid (DAA) Systems
• 15.4 Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Capabilities
• 15.5 AI-Powered Autonomous Flight Systems
• 15.6 Software-Defined Approaches for eVTOL: Lessons from the Automotive SDV Transition
• 15.7 Sensor Fusion and Perception Systems for eVTOL
• 15.8 Cybersecurity and Counter-AAM Considerations

16 REGULATION AND CERTIFICATION

• 16.1 Overview of the eVTOL Certification Landscape
• 16.2 European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
• 16.3 EASA Special Condition: SC-VTOL and Certification Categories
• 16.4 EASA EUROCAE Working Groups
• 16.5 US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Certification Pathways
• 16.6 Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) and Low-Altitude Economy Policy
• 16.7 UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and FFC Alignment with EASA/FAA
• 16.8 National Aviation Authority (NAA) Network: UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, USA
• 16.9 Design Organisation Authorisation (DOA) and Production Organisation Authorisation (POA)
• 16.10 Air Operator Certificates (AOC) and Airline Regulatory Requirements
• 16.11 Companies Pursuing eVTOL Development and Regulatory Approval: Status Tracker
• 16.12 Pilot Licensing and Training Requirements Evolution
• 16.13 Noise, Environmental, and Safety Regulations
• 16.14 When Will the First eVTOL Air Taxis Launch? Slipping Timelines Assessment

17 VERTIPORT AND GROUND INFRASTRUCTURE

• 17.1 eVTOL Infrastructure Requirements: Overview
• 17.2 Vertiport Concepts: From Basic Pads to Full-Service Hubs
• 17.3 Vertiport Nodal Network Design
• 17.4 Companies Developing Vertiports
• 17.5 Vertiport Design Concepts
• 17.6 Lilium Scalable Vertiports
• 17.7 BETA Technologies Recharge Pads
• 17.8 EHang E-Port
• 17.9 Vertiport Technical Challenges: Real Estate, Planning Permission, Multi-Type Accommodation
• 17.10 Vertiport Security: Biometric Processing, Baggage Handling, Counter-Drone
• 17.11 Vertiport Forecast: Units Required 2026-2036
• 17.12 The "Chicken and Egg" Problem: Vertiports Before Certified Aircraft

18 AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND AIRSPACE INTEGRATION

• 18.1 eVTOL Urban Air Traffic Management (UATM) Requirements
• 18.2 UTM/ATM Integration: Combining Manned and Unmanned Traffic
• 18.3 NASA/FAA UAM Concept of Operations (ConOps)
• 18.4 European UTM Frameworks and Standardisation
• 18.5 Communication Infrastructure: 5G, Low-Latency Networks, and Redundancy
• 18.6 Digital Infrastructure and Drone Operation Centres
• 18.7 Global Fragmentation of UTM Standards

19 PUBLIC PERCEPTION, SAFETY, AND SOCIAL LICENCE

• 19.1 Public Acceptance of AAM: Survey Data and Trends
• 19.2 EASA Perception Studies
• 19.3 UK Public Perception of Drones and AAM
• 19.4 Safety and Security Considerations
• 19.5 Noise Impact and Community Concerns
• 19.6 Building Social Licence: Engagement Strategies and Government Initiatives
• 19.7 The Role of Commercial Drone Operations in Normalising Future Aviation

20 CONVERGENCE WITH ADJACENT MARKETS

• 20.1 eVTOL and the Broader Drone Market: Convergence of Platforms
• 20.2 Cargo Drones and Large Autonomous Aircraft
• 20.3 Electric Conventional Take-Off and Landing (eCTOL) Aircraft
• 20.4 Software-Defined Vehicles and Cross-Over Technologies
• 20.5 Autonomous Ground Vehicle (Robotaxi) Competition and Complementarity
• 20.6 Multimodal Transport Integration and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS)
• 20.7 The Low-Altitude Economy: China's Strategic Framework

21 REGIONAL MARKET ANALYSIS

• 21.1 North America: United States and Canada
• 21.2 Europe: EU, UK, and EFTA
• 21.3 Asia-Pacific: China, South Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, Australia
• 21.4 Middle East: UAE, Saudi Arabia (NEOM), and Gulf States
• 21.5 Latin America
• 21.6 Africa
• 21.7 Regional Regulatory Comparison and Market Entry Timelines

22 MARKET FORECASTS 2026-2036

• 22.1 Forecast Methodology and Assumptions
• 22.2 Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026-2036 (Units)
• 22.3 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Region/Economy Size (Units)
• 22.4 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Architecture Type
• 22.5 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Application (Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military)
• 22.6 Replacement Demand vs. New Demand: Fleet Lifecycle Analysis
• 22.7 eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026-2036 (GWh)
• 22.8 eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast 2026-2036 (US$ Billion)
• 22.9 Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026-2036
• 22.10 Workforce and Pilot Demand Forecast 2026-2036

23 CONCLUSIONS

• 23.1 Market Outlook Summary
• 23.2 Key Findings
• 23.3 Strategic Recommendations

24 COMPANY PROFILES

• 24.1 eVTOL OEM Profiles (29 company profiles)
• 24.2 Aerospace Tier 1 Suppliers with eVTOL Activity (6 company profiles)
• 24.3 Battery and Energy Storage Suppliers (12 company profiles)
• 24.4 Electric Motor and Propulsion System Suppliers (8 company profiles)
• 24.5 Composite Material and Lightweighting Suppliers (4 company profiles)
• 24.6 Vertiport and Infrastructure Developers (5 company profiles)
• 24.7 Air Traffic Management and Digital Infrastructure Providers (6 company profiles)
• 24.8 Automotive OEMs with eVTOL Investments (6 company profiles)
• 24.9 Aircraft Leasing and Fleet Operators
• 24.10 Cargo Drone and Convergent AAM Companies (5 company profiles)
• 24.11 Charging Infrastructure Providers
• 24.12 Hydrogen and Fuel Cell System Suppliers

25 APPENDICES

• 25.1 Appendix A: Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
• 25.2 Appendix B: eVTOL OEM Certification Status Tracker (As of Q1 2026)
• 25.3 Appendix C: Forecast Data Tables - Detailed Annual Breakdowns
• 25.4 Appendix D: UK AAM Economic Impact Model Summary
• 25.5 Appendix E: Battery Technology Roadmap for eVTOL Aviation
• 25.6 Appendix F: Regulatory Framework Reference Guide
• 25.7 Appendix G: Methodology Notes

26 REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Key Definitions: eVTOL, UAM, AAM, and Related Terminology
• Table 2. Global eVTOL and AAM Market Summary: Key Metrics 2026-2036
• Table 3. Key Market Drivers and Restraints Summary
• Table 4. eVTOL Certification Status Tracker: Leading OEMs (as of 2026)
• Table 5. eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026-2036 (GWh)
• Table 6. eVTOL Air Taxi Market Revenue Forecast 2026-2036 (US$ billion)
• Table 7. Cumulative Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026-2036 (Units)
• Table 8. Cumulative eVTOL and Pilot Forecast 2026-2036
• Table 9. Pilot Skill Level Evolution: 2026-2030, 2030-2034, 2035-2036
• Table 10. Advantages of AAM Networks vs. Traditional Aviation and Ground Transport
• Table 11. eVTOL Application Categories: Capacity, Range, and Distance Profiles
• Table 12. GAMA General Aviation Helicopter Sales and Market Size
• Table 13. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by Region
• Table 14. GAMA General Aviation Airplane Sales by Type
• Table 15. Top 5 General Aviation OEMs by Airplane Type
• Table 16. eVTOL vs. Helicopter Comparison: Noise, Cost, Emissions, Complexity
• Table 17. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by Region
• Table 18. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by OEM
• Table 19. Convergence of Enabling Technologies for eVTOL
• Table 20. AAM Ecosystem Participant Map: Aircraft, Ancillary, Airline, Airport, Airspace
• Table 21. Key Challenges for eVTOL Air Taxis: Technical, Regulatory, Economic, Social
• Table 22. Geographical Distribution of eVTOL Projects Worldwide
• Table 23. World eVTOL Aircraft Directory: Number of Concepts by Region
• Table 24. eVTOL Architecture Selection Criteria: Range, Speed, Complexity, Noise, Efficiency
• Table 25. Multicopter/Rotorcraft Key Player Specifications (Range, Speed, Payload, Passengers)
• Table 26. Benefits and Drawbacks of Multicopter Architecture
• Table 27. Lift + Cruise Key Player Specifications
• Table 28. Benefits and Drawbacks of Lift + Cruise Architecture
• Table 29. Tiltwing Key Player Specifications
• Table 30. Benefits and Drawbacks of Tiltwing Architecture
• Table 31. Tiltrotor Key Player Specifications
• Table 32. Benefits and Drawbacks of Tiltrotor Architecture
• Table 33. Range vs. Cruise Speed Scatter Plot: Electric eVTOL Designs by Architecture
• Table 34. Hover Lift Efficiency and Disc Loading by eVTOL Architecture
• Table 35. Hover and Cruise Efficiency Comparison by Architecture Type
• Table 36. Hover and Cruise Efficiency Comparison - Quantitative Metrics by Architecture Type
• Table 37. Comprehensive Comparison of eVTOL Architectures: Multicopter, Lift+Cruise, Tiltwing, Tiltrotor
• Table 38. Manned Air Taxi eVTOL Test Flights: Dates, OEMs, Outcomes
• Table 39. Unmanned Air Taxi eVTOL Model Test Flights
• Table 40. Full-Scale Demonstrators and Type-Conforming Aircraft Status by OEM
• Table 41. eVTOL Competitive Advantage by Distance and Setting
• Table 42. Urban Private Hire Cost and Time Comparison
• Table 43. Rural Private Hire Cost and Time Comparison
• Table 44. Rural Rideshare Cost, Time, and Emissions Comparison
• Table 45. Rural Rideshare Sensitivity Analysis - eVTOL Cost Per Passenger by Operations Phase
• Table 46. Sub-Regional Shuttle Cost, Time, and Distance Comparison (12-seat eVTOL)
• Table 47. Cargo Delivery Cost and Emissions Comparison (350 kg payload)
• Table 48. Air Ambulance Journey: eVTOL vs. EC135 Helicopter
• Table 49. Air Ambulance Cost, Response Time, and CO2 Comparison
• Table 50. eVTOL Multicopter vs. Robotaxi: Journey Time and Cost at 10 km, 40 km, and 100 km
• Table 51. Journey Time Comparison: eVTOL vs. Robotaxi by Distance
• Table 52. Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 100 km Journey Breakdown
• Table 53. Key Variables Affecting Air Taxi Time Advantage
• Table 54. Summary of Use Case Viability by Journey Type and Distance
• Table 55. eVTOL Mass Mobility Feasibility Scorecard
• Table 56. TCO Analysis Framework and Input Variables
• Table 57. eVTOL vs. Helicopter Operating Cost Comparison (US$/flight hour)
• Table 58. Operating Cost Breakdown: eVTOL vs. Helicopter
• Table 59. eVTOL Aircraft Price Estimates by OEM and Architecture
• Table 60. eVTOL Fuel Cost Savings vs. Conventional Aviation
• Table 61. Piloted vs. Autonomous eVTOL Cost Impact (US$/trip)
• Table 62. Impact of Autonomous Operation on TCO Over Time
• Table 63. TCO Breakdown: eVTOL Taxi US$/50 km Trip (Base Case)
• Table 64. TCO Breakdown: US$/15 km Trip (Multicopter)
• Table 65. TCO Sensitivity to Battery Cost (US$/kWh) and Energy Density (Wh/kg)
• Table 66. TCO Sensitivity to Aircraft Purchase Price and Infrastructure Cost
• Table 67. TCO Sensitivity to Average Trip Length (km)
• Table 68. TCO Impact: Pound 3m vs. Pound 5m vs. Pound 182k eVTOL Capital Cost Scenarios
• Table 69. Sensitivity Analysis: Decreased eVTOL Lifetime (10 Years vs. 5 Years)
• Table 70. TCO Impact of 10-Year vs. 5-Year eVTOL Lifetime
• Table 71. Economic Impact of Autonomous Capability in 2030 vs. 2035
• Table 72. Annual and Aggregate Socio-Economic Impact by Use Case
• Table 73. Investment in Passenger UAM Startups 2016-2026 (US$ million)
• Table 74. Cumulative Investment by OEM (Top 10, Through 2026 Estimated)
• Table 75. Largest eVTOL Funding Rounds to Date: Company, Round, Amount, Lead Investors
• Table 76. Strategic Automotive and Aerospace Investors in eVTOL
• Table 77. eVTOL Pre-Orders and Letters of Intent by OEM (Units and Value)
• Table 78. Four UAM Business Model Archetypes
• Table 79. Business Model Archetype Characteristics and Value Propositions
• Table 80. OEM Model (Vertical Aerospace-type) vs. Vertically Integrated Model (Joby/Volocopter-type)
• Table 81. Comparison of OEM vs. Vertically Integrated Business Models
• Table 82. Planned eVTOL Manufacturing Facilities: Location, Capacity, OEM, Timeline
• Table 83. Production Volume Targets by OEM and Year
• Table 84. Top 10 Aerospace Companies by Revenue and eVTOL-Related Activities
• Table 85. RTX Corporation eVTOL Technology Investments and Partnerships
• Table 86. Automotive OEM eVTOL Investments, Partnerships, and Strategic Rationale
• Table 87. Composite Material Supplier - eVTOL OEM Partnership Matrix
• Table 88. Key Single-Source Component Risks in eVTOL Supply Chains
• Table 89. Joby Aviation: Key Specifications, Funding, Certification Status, Partners
• Table 90. Archer Aviation: Key Specifications, Funding, Partners
• Table 91. Volocopter: Key Specifications, Certification Progress, Partners
• Table 92. Vertical Aerospace: Key Specifications, Key Suppliers
• Table 93. EHang: Key Specifications, Certification, Commercial Operations
• Table 94. Wisk Aero: Key Specifications, Autonomous Systems
• Table 95. Eve Air Mobility: Key Specifications, Suppliers, Partners
• Table 96. Supernal S-A2: Key Specifications
• Table 97. Airbus eVTOL Projects: Vahana, CityAirbus, CityAirbus NextGen
• Table 98. SkyDrive SD-05: Key Specifications, Funding, Certification
• Table 99. Additional eVTOL OEM Summary: Architecture, Country, Status, Backing
• Table 100. eVTOL OEM Planned Annual Production Capacity Comparison
• Table 101. Key Supplier Partnerships by eVTOL OEM (Propulsion, Battery, Composites, Avionics)
• Table 102. Uber Air Mission Profile and Vehicle Requirements
• Table 103. Agility Prime Participating Companies and Aircraft
• Table 104. China Low-Altitude Economy: Key Policy Milestones and Designated Test Zones
• Table 105. China UAM Policy and Regulatory Support Framework
• Table 106. UK FFC Funded AAM Projects
• Table 107. Middle Eastern AAM Investment Summary (NEOM, UAE, Saudi Arabia)
• Table 108. UAM Projects by Region: Americas, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East, Africa
• Table 109. eVTOL Battery Wish List: Target Specifications
• Table 110. Airbus Minimum Battery Requirements for eVTOL
• Table 111. Uber Air Proposed Battery Requirements
• Table 112. Li-ion Cathode Chemistry Benchmark: NMC, NCA, LFP
• Table 113. Li-ion Anode Chemistry Benchmark: Graphite, Silicon, Lithium Metal
• Table 114. Silicon Anode Technology Status and Commercialisation Timeline
• Table 115. Battery Pack Size and Weight by eVTOL OEM
• Table 116. Battery Specifications by eVTOL OEM: Chemistry, Capacity (kWh), Energy Density (Wh/kg), Supplier
• Table 117. eVTOL Batteries: Specific Energy vs. Discharge Rate Trade-Off
• Table 118. Gravimetric Energy Density Improvement from Module Elimination
• Table 119. Li-S Battery Value Proposition for eVTOL Aviation
• Table 120. Li-S Battery Performance Characteristics vs. Li-ion for Aviation Applications
• Table 121. Thin Film vs. Bulk Solid-State Battery Comparison
• Table 122. Solid-State Battery Technology Approaches: Ceramic, Sulfide, Polymer, Hybrid
• Table 123. Solid-State Battery Developer Comparison
• Table 124. CATL Condensed Battery Specifications and Aviation Applicability
• Table 125. Battery Technology Evolution Forecast: Energy Density by Chemistry 2024-2036
• Table 126. Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL: Energy Density, Cycle Life, Cost, Safety, Readiness
• Table 127. Charging Strategy Comparison: Fast Charging vs. Battery Swapping vs. Distributed Modules
• Table 128. eVTOL Battery Cost Projections by Chemistry
• Table 129. Key Battery Supplier Profiles: Product, Technology, eVTOL Customers
• Table 130. eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026-2036 (GWh)
• Table 131. eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026-2036 (US$ million)
• Table 132. Competing eVTOL Charging Standards Comparison: GEACS, CCS, Proprietary
• Table 133. Estimated Grid Power Requirements by Vertiport Size (kW/MW)
• Table 134. Vertiport Power Demand Modelling: Peak vs. Average Load
• Table 135. Off-Grid Charging Technology Options for Remote Vertiports
• Table 136. Hydrogen Use Options in Aviation: Combustion, Fuel Cell, Hybrid
• Table 137. Key Systems Required for Hydrogen eVTOL Aircraft
• Table 138. PEM Fuel Cell Specifications for eVTOL Applications
• Table 139. Hydrogen Aviation Company Landscape: Fuel Cell and Combustion
• Table 140. Fuel Cell eVTOL Players: Aircraft, FC System, Range, Payload
• Table 141. Major Challenges for Hydrogen eVTOL: Infrastructure, Storage, Cost, Safety
• Table 142. Comparison of Technology Options: Battery, Fuel Cell, Hybrid
• Table 143. All-Electric Range Comparison - BEV, Fuel Cell, Series Hybrid, Parallel Hybrid (4-5 Seat eVTOL)
• Table 144. Turbine vs. Piston Engine Hybrid Options for eVTOL
• Table 145. Hybrid eVTOL SWOT Analysis
• Table 146. eVTOL Motor and Powertrain Key Requirements
• Table 147. eVTOL Power Requirement Estimates by Architecture and MTOW (kW)
• Table 148. Number of Electric Motors by eVTOL OEM and Architecture
• Table 149. Summary of Traction Motor Types: PMSM, BLDC, Induction, SRM
• Table 150. Comparison of Traction Motor Construction and Merits
• Table 151. Motor Efficiency Comparison Across Operating Range
• Table 152. Differences Between PMSM and BLDC Motors
• Table 153. Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motor Comparison: Power Density, Torque, Weight, Cost
• Table 154. Axial Flux Motor Advantages for eVTOL Applications
• Table 155. Axial Flux Motor Player List and Key Product Specifications
• Table 156. Benchmark of Commercial Axial Flux Motors: Power, Torque, Weight, Efficiency
• Table 157. Key Motor Supplier Profiles for eVTOL Applications
• Table 158. Power Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation (kW/kg)
• Table 159. Torque Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation (Nm/kg)
• Table 160. SiC vs. Si IGBT Inverter Comparison for eVTOL
• Table 161. Comparison of Lightweight Materials: Aluminium, Titanium, CFRP, GFRP
• Table 162. Cost-Adjusted Fibre Property Comparison
• Table 163. Comparison of Relative Fibre Properties
• Table 164. Resins Overview and Property Comparison: Thermosets vs. Thermoplastics
• Table 165. Glass Fibre and Thermoplastic Composite Applications in eVTOL
• Table 166. eVTOL Composite Material Requirements: Structural, Aerodynamic, Fire Resistance
• Table 167. eVTOL-Composite Supplier Partnership Matrix
• Table 168. Key Challenges for Composite Manufacturing at eVTOL Scale
• Table 169. Autonomy Level Definitions for eVTOL Aircraft
• Table 170. Pilot Skill Level Requirements by Time Period
• Table 171. Annual New eVTOLs and New Pilots Required 2026-2036
• Table 172. DAA Technology Options for eVTOL: Radar, Lidar, Optical, ADS-B
• Table 173. BVLOS Enablement Status by Region
• Table 174. SDV Technology Transfer from Automotive to eVTOL
• Table 175. Cybersecurity Threat Categories for eVTOL and UTM Systems
• Table 176. EASA eVTOL Certification Framework Summary
• Table 177. EASA SC-VTOL Certification Categories: Basic, Standard, Enhanced
• Table 178. FAA Certification Pathway for eVTOL: Part 21, Part 23, Part 135
• Table 179. CAAC Drone/eVTOL Classification System by Weight Category
• Table 180. China Low-Altitude Economy Key Policy Milestones
• Table 181. UK CAA eVTOL Regulatory Activity Summary
• Table 182. DOA and POA Status by eVTOL OEM
• Table 183. eVTOL Regulatory Approval Status Tracker: OEM, Authority, Status, Expected Date
• Table 184. Pilot Licensing Framework for eVTOL by Jurisdiction
• Table 185. Noise Level Comparison: eVTOL vs. Helicopter (dBA)
• Table 186. OEM Launch Timeline Slippage Analysis
• Table 187. Vertiport Tier Classification: Basic Landing Pad, Standard Terminal, Full-Service Hub
• Table 188. Vertiport Tier Concepts
• Table 189. Vertiport Developer Profiles: Company, Projects, Status, Key Partnerships
• Table 190. Key Vertiport Technical and Logistical Challenges
• Table 191. Vertiport Challenge Assessment: Impact vs. Difficulty Matrix
• Table 192. Vertiport Security Technology Requirements
• Table 193. Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026-2036
• Table 194. Estimated Vertiport Requirements by Region 2030, 2035, 2036
• Table 195. Key UTM/ATM System Requirements for AAM
• Table 196. UTM Standardisation Organisations Worldwide
• Table 197. Communication Technology Requirements for AAM: 4G/5G, Satellite, Dedicated Aviation
• Table 198. Global UTM Framework Comparison: USA, EU, China, UK, Japan, South Korea
• Table 199. EASA UAM Perception Study Key Findings
• Table 200. UK Public Support Levels by Use Case: Flying Taxis, Air Ambulance, Cargo Delivery
• Table 201. Safety and Security Considerations for eVTOL Operations
• Table 202. Noise Comparison: eVTOL vs. Helicopter vs. Ground Vehicles (dBA at Distance)
• Table 203. Social Licence Building Strategies and UK FFC Initiatives
• Table 204. Drone-UAM Convergence: Traditional Drones, Cargo Drones, Small UAM Comparison
• Table 205. Large Cargo Drone Development Programs: Dronamics, Elroy Air, Windracers, Natilus, Pipistrel, Sabrewing
• Table 206. eCTOL vs. eVTOL: Range, Payload, Infrastructure Requirements Comparison
• Table 207. SDV Technology Transfer to eVTOL: OTA Updates, AI, Sensor Fusion, Digital Twins
• Table 208. eVTOL vs. Robotaxi Competitive and Complementary Positioning by Distance
• Table 209. China Low-Altitude Economy: Market Size Projections and Policy Framework
• Table 210. North America AAM Market Overview: Regulatory Status, Key OEMs, Planned Routes, Infrastructure
• Table 211. US eVTOL Planned Route Networks and Vertiport Locations
• Table 212. European AAM Market Overview: EASA/CAA Status, OEMs, Initiatives
• Table 213. Asia-Pacific AAM Market Overview by Country
• Table 214. Asia-Pacific UAM Project Distribution
• Table 215. Middle Eastern AAM Investment and Infrastructure Plans
• Table 216. Latin America AAM Market Status
• Table 217. African AAM Potential: Key Markets and Challenges
• Table 218. Regional Regulatory Comparison Matrix: FAA, EASA, CAAC, CAA, JCAB, KOCA
• Table 219. Forecast Methodology: Key Assumptions and Data Sources
• Table 220. Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026-2036 (Units)
• Table 221. eVTOL Sales Forecast by World Bank Country Wealth Definition (Units)
• Table 222. eVTOL Sales Forecast by Architecture Type 2026-2036 (Units)
• Table 223. eVTOL Sales Forecast by Application 2026-2036 (Units)
• Table 224. Total Annual eVTOL Demand: Replacement of Legacy eVTOLs vs. New Demand
• Table 225. Fleet Lifecycle and Replacement Demand Analysis 2026-2040
• Table 226. eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast 2026-2036
• Table 227. eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast by Segment 2026-2036 (US$ Billion)
• Table 228. Global Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026-2036
• Table 229. Global eVTOL Workforce Demand Forecast 2026-2036
• Table 230. Glossary of Key Terms and Acronyms
• Table 231. eVTOL OEM Certification Status - Major Programmes
• Table 232. Global eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast - Annual Detail 2026-2036 (US$ Billion)
• Table 233. UK AAM Economic Impact Summary
• Table 234. UK AAM Use Case Summary
• Table 235. Aviation Battery Technology Roadmap 2026-2036
• Table 236. Key Regulatory Standards and Documents for eVTOL Certification

List of Figures

• Figure 1. The AAM "5As" Ecosystem Framework
• Figure 2. The Advanced Air Mobility Ecosystem Value Chain
• Figure 3. Global AAM Market Revenue 2026-2036 (US$ billion)
• Figure 4. Different e-VTOL configurations developed from 2016: (a) Tilt-Wing (T-W); (b) Lift+Cruise (L+C) ; (c) Tilt-Rotor (T-R); (d) Multi-Rotor (M-R)
• Figure 5. Evolution from UAM to AAM: Expanding Scope and Applications
• Figure 6. Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration Example
• Figure 7. The Advanced Air Mobility Value Chain
• Figure 8. Multicopter Flight Modes: Hover, Transition, Cruise
• Figure 9. Lift + Cruise Flight Modes
• Figure 10. Tiltwing Flight Modes
• Figure 11. Tiltrotor Flight Modes
• Figure 12. Joby eVTOL taxis .
• Figure 13. Rural Private Hire Journey Schematic
• Figure 14. Expected Industry Consolidation Timeline
• Figure 15. Li-ion Battery Timeline: Technology and Performance 2010-2036
• Figure 16. Energy Density Roadmap: Graphite -> Silicon Composite -> Pure Silicon Anodes
• Figure 17. Li-S Battery SWOT Analysis
• Figure 18. Li-S Battery Market Value Chain
• Figure 19. Lithium-Metal Battery SWOT Analysis
• Figure 20. Battery Energy Density Roadmap 2024-2036 (Wh/kg): LiPo, Silicon Anode, Solid-State, Li-S, Li-Air
• Figure 21. Battery Chemistry Radar Chart Comparison for eVTOL - Scores (1-10)
• Figure 22. eVTOL Battery Cost Trajectory 2024-2036 (US$/kWh)
• Figure 23. eVTOL Battery Supply Chain: Raw Materials -> Cell Manufacturing -> Pack Assembly -> OEM Integration
• Figure 24. The GEACS charging system.
• Figure 25. BETA Technologies Charging Network Concept
• Figure 26. Series vs. Parallel Hybrid Propulsion Architectures
• Figure 27. Hybrid System Power/Energy Optimisation Curve
• Figure 28. Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System
• Figure 29. Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration and Motor Placement
• Figure 30. Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motor Construction
• Figure 31. Yoked vs. Yokeless Axial Flux Motor Configurations
• Figure 32. Inverter Power Density Improvement Timeline
• Figure 33. Weight Breakdown of a Typical eVTOL Aircraft
• Figure 34. CFRP Supply Chain for eVTOL Manufacturing
• Figure 35. Composite Material Supply Chain: Fibre -> Prepreg -> Layup -> Curing -> Assembly
• Figure 36. Autonomy Roadmap: Piloted -> Supervised -> Remote Pilot -> Fully Autonomous
• Figure 37. Typical Sensor Suite for eVTOL: Cameras, Radar, LiDAR, Ultrasonic, ADS-B
• Figure 38. eVTOL Certification Timeline: Expected Type Certificate Dates by OEM
• Figure 39. eVTOL Commercial Launch Timeline: Original Targets vs. Current Expectations
• Figure 40. Vertiport Infrastructure Ecosystem: Physical, Digital, Energy
• Figure 41. Vertistops, Vertiports, and Vertihubs
• Figure 42. CORGAN Stacked Skyport Concept
• Figure 43. CORGAN Mega Skyport Concept
• Figure 44. CORGAN Uber Skyport Mobility Hub Concept
• Figure 45. Hyundai Future Mobility Urban Vision
• Figure 46. Lilium Scalable Vertiport Design
• Figure 47. BETA Technologies Recharge Pad Network
• Figure 48. EHang E-Port Infrastructure Concept
• Figure 49. UTM/ATM Integration Layers
• Figure 50. NASA/FAA UAM ConOps 1.0 Framework
• Figure 51. Digital Infrastructure for AAM: Drone Operations Centre Architecture
• Figure 52. Expected eVTOL Commercial Service Launch Timeline by Region
• Figure 53. EHang EH216-S
• Figure 54. Vertical Aerospace eVOTL aircraft.