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綠色鋼鐵的全球市場(2026年～2036年)
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1850614

綠色鋼鐵的全球市場(2026年～2036年)

The Global Green Steel Market 2026-2036
出版日期: | 出版商: Future Markets, Inc. | 英文 212 Pages, 85 Tables, 158 Figures | 訂單完成後即時交付

價格

綠色鋼鐵市場正在改變全球碳排放強度最高的產業之一。傳統煉鋼佔全球溫室氣體排放量的6-7%，因此轉型為低碳生產對於實現氣候變遷目標至關重要。在技​​術創新、監管壓力以及企業對永續發展日益增長的承諾的推動下，碳排放量極低甚至為零的綠色鋼鐵生產正在成為一種解決方案。綠色鋼鐵涵蓋多種生產方法，與傳統的煉鋼方式相比，這些方法能夠顯著降低二氧化碳排放量。第一種方法是使用再生能源製氫代替焦煤，將鐵礦石還原為直接還原鐵，然後在清潔能源電弧爐中進行加工。這種基於氫氣的直接還原製程可以將每噸鋼的二氧化碳排放量從1.8噸降低到0.05噸。其他途徑包括使用可再生電力驅動的廢鋼電弧爐、將碳捕獲和封存技術應用於傳統製程以及引入永續生物碳材料。

多種技術正在競相定義鋼鐵製造的未來。氫基直接還原結合電弧爐可實現最大程度的減排，並在技術競賽中處於領先地位。廢鋼電弧爐是目前最成熟的低碳路徑，但有限的廢鋼供應限制了其規模的擴大。碳捕獲、利用與封存（CCUS）為現有設施提供了一種過渡方案，每噸碳捕獲的二氧化碳價值相當於 40 至 120 美元。每種技術都面臨不同的挑戰：氫基路線需要龐大的可再生能源基礎設施；CCUS 由於高昂的資本成本和能源損耗，效率會降低 8% 至 15%；而廢鋼生產則由於污染元素的存在而面臨品質問題。

市場面臨日益擴大的供需缺口，生產難以跟上快速成長的需求。這種失衡反映了企業，特別是汽車行業的積極舉措，例如梅賽德斯-奔馳、沃爾沃和寶馬等主要製造商都簽署了長期的綠色鋼鐵供應協議。 汽車業引領綠色鋼鐵的普及趨勢，因為生命週期排放法規越來越重視材料的碳足跡。建築業是第二大應用領域，因為綠色公共採購政策要求基礎設施項目使用低碳材料。其他重要產業包括家電、機械、鐵路基礎設施和電子產品製造。

這項轉型主要由強有力的監管機制推動，特別是歐盟的碳邊境調節機制，該機制對高碳進口產品施加了直接的成本壓力。類似的政策正在全球範圍內湧現，例如美國的 "通貨膨脹降低法案" ，該法案提供生產稅收抵免。企業範圍3的減排目標正在創造強勁的需求動力，因為客戶需要綠色鋼鐵來實現其應對氣候變遷的目標。氫能基礎設施需要在全球範圍內投入數千億日元，而優質鐵礦石的短缺限制了直接還原製程的發展，導致許多技術仍處於試點階段。碳捕獲、利用與封存（CCUS）設施的資本成本高昂，每個工廠的成本高達10億至50億美元。其他挑戰包括勞動力技能缺口、供應鏈複雜性和融資問題，尤其是在發展中市場。

本報告分析了全球綠色鋼鐵市場，提供了截至 2036 年的詳細產量預測、區域競爭動態、各主要市場的政策評估以及全面的技術成熟度評估。

目錄

第1章 摘要整理

  • 市場的狀況和緊急性
  • 市場狀況與緊迫性
  • 關鍵技術評估：氫能的現實檢驗
  • 新興科技贏家
  • 區域競爭動態
  • 政策環境
  • 重大專案進度與財務現狀
  • 經濟交叉點
  • 市場結構變化
  • 關鍵瓶頸和基礎設施缺口
  • 修訂後的氫能需求預測
  • 政策建議
  • 結論：科技克服政策樂觀主義

第2章 簡介

  • 當前煉鋼工藝
  • "雙碳" （碳峰值、碳中和）目標和超低排放要求
  • 什麼是綠色鋼鐵？
  • 鋼鐵脫碳
  • 生產技術
  • 先進綠色鋼鐵材料
  • 綠色鋼鐵的優勢與劣勢
  • 市場與應用
  • 煉鋼節能與成本降低
  • 數位化
  • 生質煉鋼與永續綠色鋼鐵生產鏈

第3章 綠色鋼鐵的全球市場

  • 全球煉鋼
  • 綠色鋼鐵廠及產量（現有及規劃）
  • 市場地圖
  • SWOT分析
  • 市場趨勢與機遇
  • 產業發展、融資與創新（2022-2025）
  • 市場成長驅動因素
  • 市場挑戰
  • 終端用戶產業

第4章 全球市場的產量和需求

  • 生產能力(2020年～2036年)
  • 產量和需求(2020年～2036年)
  • 收益(2020年～2036年)
  • 競爭情形
  • 未來市場預測

第5章 企業簡介(企業46公司的簡介)

第6章 調查手法

第7章 縮寫的清單

第8章 參考文獻

The green steel market represents a transformative shift in one of the world's most carbon-intensive industries. Traditional steelmaking contributes 6-7% of global greenhouse gas emissions, making the transition to low-carbon production critical for achieving climate goals. Green steel-produced with minimal or zero carbon emissions-is emerging as the solution, driven by technological innovation, regulatory pressure, and growing corporate commitments to sustainability. Green steel encompasses various production methods that dramatically reduce CO2 emissions compared to conventional blast furnace steelmaking. The primary approach uses hydrogen produced from renewable energy instead of coking coal to reduce iron ore into direct reduced iron, then processes it in electric arc furnaces powered by clean electricity. This hydrogen-based direct reduction route can reduce emissions from 1.8 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of steel to as low as 0.05 tonnes. Alternative pathways include electric arc furnaces using recycled scrap with renewable electricity, carbon capture and storage technologies applied to traditional processes, and the incorporation of sustainable biocarbon materials.

Multiple technologies are competing to define the future of steelmaking. Hydrogen-based direct reduction paired with electric arc furnaces leads the technological race, offering the most substantial emission reductions. Electric arc furnaces using scrap steel represent the most mature low-carbon pathway, though limited scrap availability constrains expansion. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage provides a bridge solution for existing facilities, capturing 40-120 dollars worth of CO2 per tonne, while emerging electrolysis methods promise carbon-free iron production. Each technology faces distinct challenges: hydrogen routes require massive renewable energy infrastructure, CCUS faces high capital costs and energy penalties reducing efficiency by 8-15%, and scrap-based production encounters quality concerns from contaminant elements.

The market faces a widening supply-demand gap, with production struggling to meet rapidly accelerating demand. This imbalance reflects aggressive corporate commitments, particularly from the automotive sector where leading manufacturers like Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, and BMW have secured long-term green steel supply agreements. The automotive industry leads adoption because lifecycle emission regulations increasingly account for material carbon footprints. Construction represents the second major application, with green public procurement policies requiring low-carbon materials for infrastructure projects. Other significant sectors include consumer appliances, machinery, rail infrastructure, and electronics manufacturing.

The transition is propelled by powerful regulatory mechanisms, particularly the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism creating immediate cost pressures on carbon-intensive imports. Similar policies are emerging globally, with the US Inflation Reduction Act offering production tax credits. Corporate scope 3 emission reduction targets create strong demand pull, as customer companies need green steel to meet their own climate goals. However, formidable barriers persist: hydrogen infrastructure requires massive investment totaling hundreds of billions globally, high-quality iron ore shortages constrain direct reduction processes, and many technologies remain in pilot phase. Capital costs are extreme, reaching $1-5 billion per plant for CCUS installations. Additional challenges include workforce skill gaps, supply chain complexity, and financing access particularly in developing markets.

"The Global Green Steel Market 2026-2036" provides an authoritative analysis of the rapidly evolving green steel industry during a critical decade of transformation. The report delivers a critical reassessment of the sector's technology landscape, moving beyond early hydrogen-centric optimism to evaluate emerging alternatives including molten oxide electrolysis, biomethane direct reduction with carbon capture, and flash ironmaking.

The analysis encompasses detailed production forecasts through 2036, regional competitiveness dynamics, policy landscape evaluation across major markets, and comprehensive technology readiness assessments. It examines the widening supply-demand gap, investment requirements exceeding hundreds of billions globally, and the infrastructure bottlenecks constraining deployment. The report features extensive economic modeling including production cost convergence scenarios, comparative analysis of capital and operating expenditures across technologies, and hydrogen cost thresholds for competitiveness. Special attention is given to financial realities facing European projects, successful deployment case studies, and the emergence of hot briquetted iron (HBI) trade flows as strategic enablers of global market restructuring.

Regional analysis covers Europe, China, North America, India, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and South America, examining diverging technology preferences, renewable energy advantages, and export-oriented capacity development. The report profiles current and planned green steel plants, analyzes supply agreements between producers and major consumers, and evaluates application-specific requirements across seven end-use industries. With 85 detailed tables and 15 figures, this report provides the technical depth and market intelligence required by steel producers, technology developers, investors, policymakers, and industrial consumers navigating the sector's fundamental transformation.

Report contents include:

  • Market context and urgency assessment
  • Critical technology evaluation: hydrogen reality check
  • Emerging technology winners analysis
  • Regional competitiveness dynamics (Europe's diverging fortunes, global leaders)
  • Policy landscape across EU and United States
  • Major project developments: success stories and cautionary tales
  • Economic crossover points and production cost convergence
  • Market structure transformation (capacity shifts, trade reconfiguration, capital intensity)
  • Critical bottlenecks and infrastructure gaps
  • Revised hydrogen demand projections
  • Policy recommendations and technology-driven outlook
  • Current steelmaking processes and carbon emissions analysis
  • Double carbon goals and ultra-low emissions requirements
  • Green steel definition, properties, and clean production advances
  • Economic reality: 2025 market assessment including financial stress analysis
  • Decarbonization technologies and CO2 reduction pathways
  • Economic viability assessment across production routes
  • Hydrogen reality check: cost problems and failed assumptions
  • Emerging technologies: molten oxide electrolysis, electrified biomethane DRI, flash ironmaking
  • Production Technologies
    • Hydrogen role assessment: cost problems, compounding inefficiencies, comparative technology evaluation
    • Hydrogen demand revision and narrow viable niche identification
    • Comparative analysis of all production pathways
    • Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process details
    • Molten oxide electrolysis: direct electrification pathway with cost breakdown and regional competitiveness
    • Biomethane direct reduction with carbon capture: process description, carbon balance, negative emissions mechanism, economic assessment, supply chains, infrastructure requirements, carbon removal credit markets
    • Flash ironmaking: simplified natural gas process with CCS, cost analysis, regional suitability
    • Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS): comprehensive coverage including BF-BOF applications, technology selection, pre-combustion and post-combustion capture, storage and transportation, utilization options, cost comparisons
    • Alternative technologies: biochar, hydrogen blast furnace, renewable energy powered processes, hydrogen plasma reduction, ferrous bioprocessing, microwave processing, additive manufacturing
    • Technology readiness levels (TRL) for all pathways
    • Advanced materials: composite electrodes, solid oxide materials, hydrogen storage metals, carbon composites, coatings and membranes
  • Global Market Analysis
    • Global steel production overview and conventional steel pricing
    • Green steel pricing: historical development (2023-2024), 2025 market evolution, 2026-2030 outlook
    • Market restructuring and technology shift analysis (2025-2036)
    • Technology mix evolution and regional production shifts
    • HBI trade emergence as strategic enabler
    • Green steel plants: current and planned production capacity globally
    • Market mapping of value chain participants
    • SWOT analysis: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats
    • Market trends and opportunities including technology divergence and regional specialization
    • Industry developments, funding and innovation (2022-2025)
    • Comprehensive market growth drivers analysis
    • Market challenges and barriers assessment
  • End-Use Industry Applications
    • Automotive: market overview, supply agreements, applications across vehicle components
    • Construction: market dynamics and building applications
    • Consumer appliances: demand drivers and product applications
    • Machinery: industrial equipment requirements
    • Rail: infrastructure and rolling stock applications
    • Packaging: steel container market
    • Electronics: specialized steel applications
  • Market Forecasts and Regional Analysis (2020-2036)
    • Production capacity projections by technology type
    • Production vs. demand analysis with regional supply-demand imbalances
    • HBI trade flow projections
    • Demand forecasts by end-use industry
    • Market maturation timeline and inflection points
    • Revenue projections: global, by end-use sector, by region
    • Detailed regional assessments:
      • Europe: technology leadership, policy drivers, financial challenges
      • China: diversified technology approach, domestic and export strategies
      • North America: IRA incentives, EAF expansion, emerging hydrogen projects
      • India: scrap constraints, technology pathways, growth trajectory
      • Asia-Pacific (excluding China): regional dynamics and opportunities
      • Middle East & Africa: renewable energy advantages, export potential
      • South America: near-shore supplier positioning
    • Competitive landscape: key players and market positioning
    • Future market outlook: technology evolution, economic competitiveness, supply chain transformation, investment requirements, risks and uncertainties

The report features detailed profiles of 46 leading companies driving the green steel transformation including Algoma Steel, Aperam BioEnergia, ArcelorMittal SA, Blastr Green Steel, Boston Metal, China Baowu Steel Group, Compania de Aceros del Pacifico (CAP), GravitHy, Georgsmarienhutte Holding GmbH, Electra Steel, Emirates Steel Arkan, Greeniron H2 AB, HBIS Group, Helios, Hybrit Development AB, Hybar LLC, Hydnum Steel, Hyundai Steel, JFE Steel, Jindal Shadeed Group, JSW Steel, Kobe Steel Ltd., Liberty Steel Group, Limelight Steel, Magsort Oy, Meranti Green Steel, Mitsui, Nippon Steel Corporation and more......

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1.1. Market Context and Urgency
  • 1.2. Critical Technology Assessment: The Hydrogen Reality Check
  • 1.3. Emerging Technology Winners
  • 1.4. Regional Competitiveness Dynamics
    • 1.4.1. Europe's Diverging Fortunes
    • 1.4.2. Global Leaders in Low-Carbon Steel
  • 1.5. Policy Landscape
    • 1.5.1. European Union
    • 1.5.2. United States
  • 1.6. Major Project Developments & Financial Realities
    • 1.6.1. Success Stories
    • 1.6.2. Cautionary Tales
  • 1.7. Economic Crossover Points
  • 1.8. Market Structure Transformation
    • 1.8.1. Production Capacity Shifts (2025-2035)
    • 1.8.2. Trade Flow Reconfiguration
    • 1.8.3. Capital Intensity
    • 1.8.4. Financing Challenges
  • 1.9. Critical Bottlenecks & Infrastructure Gaps
  • 1.10. Revised Hydrogen Demand Projections
  • 1.11. Policy Recommendations
  • 1.12. Bottom Line: Technology Trumps Policy Optimism

2. INTRODUCTION

  • 2.1. Current Steelmaking processes
  • 2.2. "Double carbon" (carbon peak and carbon neutrality) goals and ultra-low emissions requirements
  • 2.3. What is green steel?
    • 2.3.1. Properties
    • 2.3.2. Advances in clean production technologies
    • 2.3.3. The Economic Reality: 2025 Market Assessment
      • 2.3.3.1. Policy and Infrastructure Challenges
      • 2.3.3.2. Financial Stress in European Green Steel Projects
      • 2.3.3.3. Successful Projects Demonstrate Viable Pathways
      • 2.3.3.4. Market Reality
  • 2.4. Decarbonization of steel
    • 2.4.1. CO2 Reduction Technologies
      • 2.4.1.1. Economic Viability Assessment
    • 2.4.2. The Hydrogen Reality Check
    • 2.4.3. Emerging Technologies
      • 2.4.3.1. Molten Oxide Electrolysis (MOE)
      • 2.4.3.2. Electrified Biomethane DRI with Carbon Capture
      • 2.4.3.3. Flash Ironmaking
      • 2.4.3.4. Hydrogen's Narrow Viable Niche
    • 2.4.4. Decarbonization target and policies
      • 2.4.4.1. EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
  • 2.5. Production technologies
    • 2.5.1. The role of hydrogen
      • 2.5.1.1. The Hydrogen Cost Problem
      • 2.5.1.2. Why Hydrogen Costs Remain High: Compounding Inefficiencies
      • 2.5.1.3. Failed Assumptions Behind Hydrogen Optimism
      • 2.5.1.4. Comparative Technology Assessment: Hydrogen vs. Alternatives
      • 2.5.1.5. Hydrogen Demand Revision: Steel's Diminished Role
      • 2.5.1.6. The Narrow Path Forward for Hydrogen in Steel
      • 2.5.1.7. Policy Implications: Avoiding Stranded Assets
    • 2.5.2. Comparative analysis
    • 2.5.3. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
    • 2.5.4. Electrolysis
      • 2.5.4.1. Molten Oxide Electrolysis: The Direct Electrification Pathway
    • 2.5.5. Biomethane Direct Reduction with Carbon Capture
      • 2.5.5.1. Overview and Strategic Position
      • 2.5.5.2. Process Description
      • 2.5.5.3. Carbon Balance and Negative Emissions Mechanism
      • 2.5.5.4. Economic Assessment
      • 2.5.5.5. Biomass Supply Chains and Sustainability
      • 2.5.5.6. Biodigester Infrastructure Development Requirements
      • 2.5.5.7. Carbon Capture Technology Implementation
      • 2.5.5.8. CO2 Storage and Utilization Options
      • 2.5.5.9. Optimal Strategy for Biomethane DRI: Hybrid Approach
      • 2.5.5.10. Carbon Removal Credit Markets
      • 2.5.5.11. Technology Readiness and Deployment Timeline
      • 2.5.5.12. Scalability Assessment and Limitations
    • 2.5.6. Flash Ironmaking: Simplified Process with Natural Gas and CCS
      • 2.5.6.1. Process Description
      • 2.5.6.2. Technology Basis: Flash Copper Smelting
      • 2.5.6.3. Economic Analysis
      • 2.5.6.4. Regional Suitability Assessment
      • 2.5.6.5. Strategic Considerations
      • 2.5.6.6. Strategic Role: Transitional Bridge Technology
      • 2.5.6.7. Environmental Performance and Lifecycle Analysis
    • 2.5.7. Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)
      • 2.5.7.1. Overview
      • 2.5.7.2. BF-BOF (Blast Furnace-Basic Oxygen Furnace)
      • 2.5.7.3. Selection of carbon capture technology
      • 2.5.7.4. Pre-Combustion Carbon Capture for Ironmaking
      • 2.5.7.5. Gas Recycling and Oxyfuel Combustion
      • 2.5.7.6. Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS)
      • 2.5.7.7. Amine-Based Post-Combustion CO2 Absorption
      • 2.5.7.8. Carbon Capture for Natural Gas-Based DRI
      • 2.5.7.9. CO2 Storage
      • 2.5.7.10. CO2 Transportation
      • 2.5.7.11. CO2 Utilization for Steel
      • 2.5.7.12. Carbon Capture Costs
      • 2.5.7.13. Carbon Credit and Carbon Offsetting
    • 2.5.8. Biochar replacing coke
    • 2.5.9. Hydrogen Blast Furnace
    • 2.5.10. Renewable energy powered processes
    • 2.5.11. Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction
    • 2.5.12. Ferrous Bioprocessing
    • 2.5.13. Microwave Processing
    • 2.5.14. Additive Manufacturing
    • 2.5.15. Technology readiness level (TRL)
  • 2.6. Advanced materials in green steel
    • 2.6.1. Composite electrodes
    • 2.6.2. Solid oxide materials
    • 2.6.3. Hydrogen storage metals
    • 2.6.4. Carbon composite steels
    • 2.6.5. Coatings and membranes
    • 2.6.6. Sustainable binders
    • 2.6.7. Iron ore catalysts
    • 2.6.8. Carbon capture materials
    • 2.6.9. Waste gas utilization
  • 2.7. Advantages and disadvantages of green steel
  • 2.8. Markets and applications
  • 2.9. Energy Savings and Cost Reduction in Steel Production
  • 2.10. Digitalization
  • 2.11. Biomass Steel Production and Sustainable Green Steel Production Chain

3. THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR GREEN STEEL

  • 3.1. Global steel production
    • 3.1.1. Steel prices
    • 3.1.2. Green steel prices
      • 3.1.2.1. Historical Price Development (2023-2024)
      • 3.1.2.2. 2025 Market Evolution
      • 3.1.2.3. 2026-2030 Price Outlook
    • 3.1.3. Market Restructuring and Technology Shift (2025-2036)
      • 3.1.3.1. Technology Mix Evolution
      • 3.1.3.2. Regional Production Shifts
      • 3.1.3.3. HBI Trade Emergence
  • 3.2. Green steel plants and production, current and planned
  • 3.3. Market map
  • 3.4. SWOT analysis
  • 3.5. Market trends and opportunities
    • 3.5.1. Technology Divergence and Regional Specialization (2025-2036)
      • 3.5.1.1. Emerging Technology Hierarchy
      • 3.5.1.2. HBI Trade as Strategic Enabler
      • 3.5.1.3. Implications for Investment Strategy
  • 3.6. Industry developments, funding and innovation 2022-2025
  • 3.7. Market growth drivers
  • 3.8. Market challenges
  • 3.9. End-use industries
    • 3.9.1. Automotive
      • 3.9.1.1. Market overview
      • 3.9.1.2. Applications
    • 3.9.2. Construction
      • 3.9.2.1. Market overview
      • 3.9.2.2. Applications
    • 3.9.3. Consumer appliances
      • 3.9.3.1. Market overview
      • 3.9.3.2. Applications
    • 3.9.4. Machinery
      • 3.9.4.1. Market overview
      • 3.9.4.2. Applications
    • 3.9.5. Rail
      • 3.9.5.1. Market overview
      • 3.9.5.2. Applications
    • 3.9.6. Packaging
      • 3.9.6.1. Market overview
      • 3.9.6.2. Applications
    • 3.9.7. Electronics
      • 3.9.7.1. Market overview
      • 3.9.7.2. Applications

4. GLOBAL MARKET PRODUCTION AND DEMAND

  • 4.1. Production Capacity 2020-2036
  • 4.2. Production vs. Demand 2020-2036
    • 4.2.1. Regional Supply-Demand Imbalances
    • 4.2.2. Demand for Low-Emissions Steel by End-Use Industry
    • 4.2.3. Market Maturation Timeline and Inflection Points
  • 4.3. Revenues 2020-2036
    • 4.3.1. By end-use industry
    • 4.3.2. By region
      • 4.3.2.1. Europe
      • 4.3.2.2. China
      • 4.3.2.3. North America
      • 4.3.2.4. India
      • 4.3.2.5. Asia-Pacific excl. China
      • 4.3.2.6. Middle East & Africa
      • 4.3.2.7. South America
  • 4.4. Competitive landscape
  • 4.5. Future market outlook
    • 4.5.1. Technology Evolution
    • 4.5.2. Economic Competitiveness
    • 4.5.3. Market Structure
    • 4.5.4. Supply Chain Transformation
    • 4.5.5. Policy and Regulation
    • 4.5.6. Investment Requirements and Returns
    • 4.5.7. Customer Adoption
    • 4.5.8. Risks and Uncertainties
    • 4.5.9. Social and Environmental Implications

5. COMPANY PROFILES (46 company profiles)

6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

7. LIST OF ACRONYMS

8. REFERENCES

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Production Cost Convergence (2025-2035)
  • Table 2. Main Routes to Green Steel
  • Table 3. Properties of Green steels
  • Table 4. CO2 emissions from the conventional BF-BOF process
  • Table 5. CO2 Reduction Technologies
  • Table 6. Decarbonization Technologies
  • Table 7. Comparative Production Costs (2025 Baseline)
  • Table 8. Economic Comparison of Low-Carbon Steel Technologies (2025)
  • Table 9. Market Drivers & Barriers Table
  • Table 10. Global Decarbonization Targets and Policies related to Green Steel
  • Table 11. Required Levelized Cost of Hydrogen for Competitiveness
  • Table 12. Green Steel Production Routes
  • Table 13. Energy Requirements per Tonne of Steel
  • Table 14. Comparison of green steel production technologies
  • Table 15. Advantages and disadvantages of each potential hydrogen carrier
  • Table 16. Key Process Characteristics
  • Table 17. Cost Breakdown (Projected Commercial Scale)
  • Table 18. Regional Cost Competitiveness (2030 Projections at Commercial Scale)
  • Table 19. Molten Oxide Electrolysis Development Roadmap
  • Table 20. CO2 Stream Characteristics Comparison Across Industrial Sources
  • Table 21. Detailed Carbon Flow per Tonne of Crude Steel
  • Table 22. Lifecycle Emissions Comparison Across Steel Production Pathways
  • Table 23. Cost Components per Tonne of Crude Steel Production
  • Table 24. Sustainable Biomass Sources - Priority Ranking
  • Table 25. Current vs. Required Biodigester Infrastructure
  • Table 26. Carbon Capture Cost Breakdown - Amine Scrubbing for DRI (per tonne CO2 captured)
  • Table 27. North Sea CO2 Storage Projects - Key Infrastructure
  • Table 28. CO2 Utilization vs. Storage - Climate Impact Comparison
  • Table 29. Hybrid CO2 Management Strategy (Tata Steel IJmuiden Example, 2.5 Mt Steel Production)
  • Table 30. Carbon Removal Credit Pricing by Market Segment (2025)
  • Table 31. Component Technology Readiness Assessment (2025)
  • Table 32. Deployment Timeline and Milestones
  • Table 33. Biomass Availability and Steel Production Potential by Region
  • Table 34. Key Distinctions from Traditional Ironmaking
  • Table 35. Natural Gas Flash Ironmaking + CCS Cost Breakdown ($/tonne crude steel, 2030 projection)
  • Table 36. Comparison with Alternatives
  • Table 37. Greenhouse Gas Emissions (full lifecycle)
  • Table 38. Comparison with Alternatives (lifecycle)
  • Table 39. The CCUS Value Chain
  • Table 40. CCUS Project Pipeline for the Steel Sector
  • Table 41. Post Combustion Capture Technologies for BF-BOF Process
  • Table 42. Blast Furnace Gas CO2 Capture Technologies Comparison
  • Table 43. Carbon Capture Technologies for Natural Gas DRI
  • Table 44. CCUS Business Model
  • Table 45. Storage Technology and Operators
  • Table 46. Carbon Capture Cost Comparison by Sector
  • Table 47. Steel Industry Carbon Credit Purchasing Trends
  • Table 48. CCUS Steel Sector Challenges and Opportunities
  • Table 49. Biochar in steel and metal
  • Table 50. Hydrogen blast furnace schematic
  • Table 51. Applications of microwave processing in green steelmaking
  • Table 52. Applications of additive manufacturing (AM) in steelmaking
  • Table 53. Technology readiness level (TRL) for key green steel production technologies
  • Table 54. Coatings and membranes in green steel production
  • Table 55. Advantages and disadvantages of green steel
  • Table 56. Markets and applications: green steel
  • Table 57. Green Steel Plants - Current and Planned Production
  • Table 58. Industry developments and innovation in Green steel, 2022-2025
  • Table 59. Summary of market growth drivers for Green steel
  • Table 60. Market challenges in Green steel
  • Table 61. Supply agreements between green steel producers and automakers
  • Table 62. Applications of green steel in the automotive industry
  • Table 63. Applications of green steel in the construction industry
  • Table 64. Applications of green steel in the consumer appliances industry
  • Table 65. Applications of green steel in machinery
  • Table 66. Applications of green steel in the rail industry
  • Table 67. Applications of green steel in the packaging industry
  • Table 68. Applications of green steel in the electronics industry
  • Table 69. Low-Emissions Steel Production Capacity 2020-2035 (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 70. Regional Capacity Distribution (2036 Projection)
  • Table 71. Low-Emissions Steel Production vs. Demand 2020-2036 (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 72. Regional Production-Demand Balance 2036
  • Table 73. Global HBI Trade Flows (Projected 2036)
  • Table 74. Demand for Low-Emissions Steel by End-Use Industry 2020-2036 (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 75. Low-Emissions Steel Market Revenues 2020-2036
  • Table 76. Market Revenues by Sector 2025-2036 ($B)
  • Table 77. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, EUROPE (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 78. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, CHINA (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 79. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, NORTH AMERICA (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 80. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, INDIA (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 81. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, ASIA-PACIFIC (excluding China) (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 82. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 83. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, SOUTH AMERICA (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 84. Key players in Green steel, location and production methods
  • Table 85. Investment Estimates (2025-2036)

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Share of (a) production, (b) energy consumption and (c) CO2 emissions from different steel making routes
  • Figure 2. Transition to hydrogen-based production
  • Figure 3. CO2 emissions from steelmaking (tCO2/ton crude steel)
  • Figure 4. CO2 emissions of different process routes for liquid steel
  • Figure 5. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process
  • Figure 6. Molten oxide electrolysis process
  • Figure 7. Flash ironmaking process
  • Figure 8. Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction process
  • Figure 9. Green steel market map
  • Figure 10. SWOT analysis: Green steel
  • Figure 12. ArcelorMittal decarbonization strategy
  • Figure 13. HYBRIT process schematic
  • Figure 14. Schematic of HyREX technology
  • Figure 15. EAF Quantum