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市場調查報告書

商品編碼

1119566

全球智能和可持續建築市場（2023-2033 年）

The Global Market for Smart and Sustainable Buildings 2023-2033

出版日期: 2022年08月25日 | 出版商:

Future Markets, Inc. | 英文 505 Pages, 142 Figures, 62 Tables | 訂單完成後即時交付

價格

簡介目錄

本報告研究和分析全球智能和可持續建築市場，提供技術分析、市場分析、公司簡介等。

內容

第 1 章執行摘要

第二章本研究的目的和目的

第三章研究方法

第四章智能玻璃/智能窗

什麼是智能玻璃？
智能玻璃市場驅動因素
智能窗口
- 控制透光率
智能玻璃的種類
- 被動式智能玻璃
- 主動式智能眼鏡
智能玻璃技術比較
智能玻璃中的納米材料
競爭格局
製造商
進入市場的途徑
- 住宅和商業玻璃
市場和技術挑戰
智能玻璃的未來
- 需要創新
- 降低成本
- 建築系統集成/物聯網
- 太陽能智能玻璃
- 更快的切換時間
用於智能玻璃和智能窗戶的先進材料
- 電致變色 (EC) 智能玻璃
- 熱致變色智能玻璃
- 懸浮粒子裝置 (SPD) 智能玻璃
- 聚合物分散液晶 (PDLC) 智能玻璃
- 光致變色智能玻璃
- 微型百葉窗
- 電動玻璃
- 其他先進的玻璃技術

第 5 章先進的建築材料

市場驅動力
混凝土添加劑
- 石墨烯
- 多壁碳納米管 (MWCNT)
- 單壁碳納米管 (SWCNT)
- 纖維素納米纖維
- 納米二氧化矽
- 納米二氧化鈦 (TiO2)
- Xyco 土壤
- 相變材料
- 自愈材料
自感應混凝土
- 填充物
- 用法
形狀記憶鋼
生物材料
- 菌絲體
- 微藻生物水泥
負碳混凝土
公司

第六章防震

先進的防震材料
- 超材料
- 形狀記憶材料
- 碳納米管
- 磁流變液 (MRF)
- 磁致伸縮材料
- 壓電陶瓷
公司

第 7 章智能塗層

市場驅動力
用於智能塗膜的先進材料
- 超材料冷卻膜
- 光催化自潔塗層
- 疏水塗層
- 超疏水錶面
- 防污易清潔塗層
- 高級抗菌塗層
- 絕緣漆
- 高反射塗層
- 自愈塗層
公司

第 8 章智能空氣過濾器/HVAC

市場驅動力
用於智能過濾器和 HVAC 的先進材料
- 納米材料
- 碳納米管
- 石墨烯
- 納米纖維
- 納米銀
- 金屬有機框架 (MOF)
- 相變材料
- 納米二氧化鈦光觸媒塗層
公司

第九章隔熱隔音

用於加熱和能源效率的先進材料
市場驅動力
先進的隔熱隔音材料
- 真空隔熱板 (VIP)
- 氣凝膠
- 金屬有機框架 (MOF)
- 相變材料
- 超材料
- 石墨烯
- 納米纖維絕緣
公司

第 10 章能量收集和生成

市場驅動力
用於建築能量收集的先進材料
- 壓電材料
- 熱電材料
- 光伏建築一體化 (BIPV)
- 微藻生物反應立面
公司

第 11 章智能傳感器

市場驅動力
智能建築傳感器的類型
用法
- 溫度/濕度傳感器
- 空氣質量傳感器
- 磁致伸縮傳感器
- 磁流體和電流變流體
- 用於節能建築的二氧化碳傳感器
公司

第 12 章智能照明

市場驅動力
用於智能照明的先進材料
- LED
- 有機 LED (OLED)
- 量子點
- 石墨烯
- 傳感器照明
公司

第 13 章參考文獻

簡介目錄

Due to evolving standards for building regulations and demand for occupant comfort, the performance of building envelopes continues to improve. Buildings account for ~30-40% of the world's total primary energy, and the benefits of energy efficient buildings are numerous, from better thermal comfort to longer buildings lifecycle. In order to adhere to regulations, many new buildings are required to meet energy efficiency targets. These targets are increasingly met through technology, and in most cases rely on advanced materials, either by developing new materials or modifying existing ones.

The use of advanced materials, nanomaterials, and smart materials, is now driving improved building envelope performance by allowing reconciliation of the architectural features of buildings with the new challenges of energy and environmental efficiency.

Technologies and materials include:

Smart glass and windows
Electrochromic (EC) smart glass
Thermochromic smart glass
Suspended particle device (SPD) smart glass
Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) smart glass
Photochromic smart glass
Micro-blinds
Electrokinetic glass
Graphene smart glass
Heat insulation solar glass (HISG)
Thermal and sound insulation
Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP)
Aerogels
Transparent Insulation Materials (TIM)
Metamaterials
Graphene
Nanofiber-based insulation material
Shape memory sound absorption
Advanced construction materials
Advanced concrete additives
Graphene
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)
Cellulose nanofibers
Nanosilica
Nano-titania (TiO2)
Zycosoil
Phase change materials
Self-healing materials
Self-sensing concrete
3D printing construction materials
Environment-adaptive skin facades
Memory steel
Biomaterials
Double-skin façades
Carbon negative concrete
Vibration dampening
Passive vibration mitigation materials
Smart vibration mitigation materials
Metamaterials
Shape memory materials
Carbon nanotubes
Magnetorheological fluid (MRF)
Magnetostrictive materials
Smart coatings and films
Cool roofs
Antireflective glazing
Metamaterials
Photocatalytic self-cleaning coatings
Hydrophobic coatings
Superhydrophobic surfaces
Anti-fouling and easy-to-clean coatings
Advanced antimicrobial coatings
Thermally insulating paint
Smart air filtration and HVAC
Nanofibers
Graphene
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF)
Nanosilver filters
Carbon nanotubes
Phase change materials
Nano-TiO2 photocatalyst filter coatings
Self-healing coatings
Heating and energy efficiency
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF)
Phase change materials
Energy harvesting
Piezoelectric materials
Thermoelectric materials
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
Bioadaptive glazing
Smart sensors
Temperature sensors
Motion sensors
Humidity sensors
Sensors for air quality
CO2 sensors for energy efficient buildings
Smart lighting
LEDs
Organic LEDs (OLEDs)
Quantum dots
Flexible lighting

Report contents include:

Market drivers for advanced materials in smart and sustainable buildings.

Revenues for smart and advanced materials building applications and markets, 2021-2033 (millions USD).

In-depth technology analysis.

In depth market analysis.

Profiles of over 250 companies in the smart and sustainable buildings market. Companies profiled include Acoustic Metamaterials Group Limited, Aerogel Technologies LLC, Ambient Photonics, Aspen Aerogels, Blueshift Materials, Inc., CarbiCrete, CarbonCure Technologies, Carbon Upcycling Technologies, ChromoGenics AB, ClearVue Technologies, Eterbright Solar Corporation, Fortera, GoodWe, HeatVentors, JinkoSolar, Next Energy Technologies, Inc, Onyx Solar, Phononic Vibes, RavenWindow, Research Frontiers, Inc., Inc., Solidia Technologies etc.

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1. What are smart buildings?
1.2. Integration into smart cities
1.3. Market drivers
1.4. Adaptive facades
1.5. Smart/switchable/dynamic glass or smart windows
1.6. Advanced thermal and sound insulation
1.7. Smart lighting
1.8. Smart coatings
1.9. Energy harvesting
1.10. Market revenues and forecasts, by technology area to 2033

2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

4. SMART GLASS AND WINDOWS

4.1. What is smart glass?
4.2. Market drivers for smart glass
4.3. Smart windows
- 4.3.1. Controlling light transmission
4.4. Types of smart glass
- 4.4.1. Passive smart glass
- 4.4.2. Active smart glass
4.5. Comparison of smart glass technologies
4.6. Nanomaterials in smart glass
4.7. Competitive landscape
4.8. Manufacturers
4.9. Routes to market
- 4.9.1. Residential and commercial glazing
4.10. Market and technical challenges
4.11. Future of smart glass
- 4.11.1. Need for innovation
- 4.11.2. Reducing costs
- 4.11.3. Integration with building systems/Internet of things (IoT)
- 4.11.4. Photovoltaic smart glass
- 4.11.5. Faster switching times
4.12. Advanced materials for smart glass and windows
- 4.12.1. Electrochromic (EC) smart glass
  - 4.12.1.1. Technology description
  - 4.12.1.2. Materials
    - 4.12.1.2.1. Inorganic metal oxides
    - 4.12.1.2.2. Organic EC materials
    - 4.12.1.2.3. Nanomaterials
  - 4.12.1.3. Benefits
  - 4.12.1.4. Shortcomings
  - 4.12.1.5. Application in residential and commercial windows
  - 4.12.1.6. Companies
- 4.12.2. Thermochromic smart glass
  - 4.12.2.1. Technology description
  - 4.12.2.2. Benefits
  - 4.12.2.3. Shortcomings
  - 4.12.2.4. Application in residential and commercial windows
  - 4.12.2.5. Companies
- 4.12.3. Suspended particle device (SPD) smart glass
  - 4.12.3.1. Technology description
  - 4.12.3.2. Benefits
  - 4.12.3.3. Shortcomings
  - 4.12.3.4. Application in residential and commercial windows
  - 4.12.3.5. Companies
- 4.12.4. Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) smart glass
  - 4.12.4.1. Technology description
  - 4.12.4.2. Types
    - 4.12.4.2.1. Laminated Switchable PDLC Glass
    - 4.12.4.2.2. Self-adhesive Switchable PDLC Film
  - 4.12.4.3. Benefits
  - 4.12.4.4. Shortcomings
  - 4.12.4.5. Application in residential and commercial windows
    - 4.12.4.5.1. Interior glass
  - 4.12.4.6. Companies
- 4.12.5. Photochromic smart glass
  - 4.12.5.1. Technology analysis
  - 4.12.5.2. Application in residential and commercial windows
- 4.12.6. Micro-blinds
  - 4.12.6.1. Technology analysis
  - 4.12.6.2. Benefits
- 4.12.7. Electrokinetic glass
  - 4.12.7.1. Technology analysis
  - 4.12.7.2. Companies
- 4.12.8. Other advanced glass technologies
  - 4.12.8.1. Graphene smart glass
    - 4.12.8.1.1. Companies
  - 4.12.8.2. Heat insulation solar glass (HISG)
  - 4.12.8.3. Quantum dot solar glass

5. ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

5.1. Market drivers
5.2. Concrete additives
- 5.2.1. Graphene
- 5.2.2. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)
- 5.2.3. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)
- 5.2.4. Cellulose nanofibers
- 5.2.5. Nanosilica
- 5.2.6. Nano-titania (TiO2)
- 5.2.7. Zycosoil
- 5.2.8. Phase change materials
- 5.2.9. Self-healing materials
  - 5.2.9.1. Extrinsic self-healing
  - 5.2.9.2. Capsule-based
  - 5.2.9.3. Vascular self-healing
  - 5.2.9.4. Intrinsic self-healing
  - 5.2.9.5. Healing volume
  - 5.2.9.6. Self-healing concrete
    - 5.2.9.6.1. Bioconcrete
    - 5.2.9.6.2. Fibre concrete
5.3. Self-sensing concrete
- 5.3.1. Filler materials
- 5.3.2. Applications
5.4. Memory steel
5.5. Biomaterials
- 5.5.1. Mycelium
- 5.5.2. Microalgae biocement
5.6. Carbon-negative concrete
5.7. Companies

6. VIBRATION DAMPING

6.1. Advanced materials for vibration damping
- 6.1.1. Metamaterials
- 6.1.2. Shape memory materials
  - 6.1.2.1. Shape memory effect
  - 6.1.2.2. Superelasticity
  - 6.1.2.3. Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) alloys
    - 6.1.2.3.1. Properties
  - 6.1.2.4. Copper-based SMAs
  - 6.1.2.5. Iron-based SMAs
  - 6.1.2.6. Hardened high temperature shape memory alloys (HTSMAs)
  - 6.1.2.7. Titanium-Tantalum (Ti-Ta)-based alloys
  - 6.1.2.8. Shape-memory polymers
- 6.1.3. Carbon nanotubes
- 6.1.4. Magnetorheological fluid (MRF)
- 6.1.5. Magnetostrictive materials
- 6.1.6. Piezoelectric ceramics
6.2. Companies

7. SMART COATINGS

7.1. Market drivers
7.2. Advanced materials for smart coatings and films
- 7.2.1. Metamaterial cooling films
- 7.2.2. Photocatalytic self-cleaning coatings
  - 7.2.2.1. Glass coatings
  - 7.2.2.2. Exterior coatings
  - 7.2.2.3. Interior coatings
    - 7.2.2.3.1. Medical facilities
    - 7.2.2.3.2. Antimicrobial coating indoor light activation
- 7.2.3. Hydrophobic coatings
- 7.2.4. Superhydrophobic surfaces
  - 7.2.4.1. Properties
- 7.2.5. Anti-fouling and easy-to-clean coatings
- 7.2.6. Advanced antimicrobial coatings
  - 7.2.6.1. Metallic-based coatings
  - 7.2.6.2. Polymer-based coatings
  - 7.2.6.3. Mode of action
- 7.2.7. Thermally insulating paint
- 7.2.8. High reflectance coatings
- 7.2.9. Self-healing coatings
7.3. Companies

8. SMART AIR FILTRATION AND HVAC

8.1. Market drivers
8.2. Advanced materials for smart filtration and HVAC
- 8.2.1. Nanomaterials
- 8.2.2. Carbon nanotubes
- 8.2.3. Graphene
- 8.2.4. Nanofibers
  - 8.2.4.1. Polymer nanofibers
  - 8.2.4.2. Cellulose nanofibers
- 8.2.5. Nanosilver
- 8.2.6. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF)
- 8.2.7. Phase change materials
- 8.2.8. Nano-TiO2 photocatalyst coatings
8.3. Companies

9. THERMAL AND SOUND INSULATION

9.1. Advanced materials for heating and energy efficiency
9.2. Market drivers
9.3. Advanced materials for thermal and sound insulation
- 9.3.1. Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP)
- 9.3.2. Aerogels
  - 9.3.2.1. Commercially available aerogels
  - 9.3.2.2. Silica aerogels
    - 9.3.2.2.1. Properties
      - 9.3.2.2.1.1. Thermal conductivity
      - 9.3.2.2.1.2. Mechanical
    - 9.3.2.2.2. Monoliths
    - 9.3.2.2.3. Powder
    - 9.3.2.2.4. Granules
    - 9.3.2.2.5. Blankets
    - 9.3.2.2.6. Aerogel boards
    - 9.3.2.2.7. Aerogel renders
  - 9.3.2.3. Aerogel-like polymer foams
  - 9.3.2.4. Biobased aerogels (bio-aerogels)
    - 9.3.2.4.1. Cellulose aerogels
      - 9.3.2.4.1.1. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) aerogels
      - 9.3.2.4.1.2. Cellulose nanocrystal aerogels
    - 9.3.2.4.2. Lignin aerogels
    - 9.3.2.4.3. Alginate aerogels
    - 9.3.2.4.4. Starch aerogels
  - 9.3.2.5. Thermal and sound insulation
  - 9.3.2.6. 3D printed aerogels
- 9.3.3. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF)
  - 9.3.3.1. Heat exchangers for heat pumps
- 9.3.4. Phase change materials
  - 9.3.4.1. Organic/biobased phase change materials
    - 9.3.4.1.1. Paraffin wax
    - 9.3.4.1.2. Non-Paraffins/Bio-based
  - 9.3.4.2. Inorganic phase change materials
    - 9.3.4.2.1. Salt hydrates
    - 9.3.4.2.2. Metal and metal alloy PCMs (High-temperature)
  - 9.3.4.3. Eutectic mixtures
  - 9.3.4.4. Encapsulation of PCMs
    - 9.3.4.4.1. Macroencapsulation
    - 9.3.4.4.2. Micro/nanoencapsulation
  - 9.3.4.5. Nanomaterial phase change materials
  - 9.3.4.6. PCMS in buildings and construction
    - 9.3.4.6.1. Water heaters
    - 9.3.4.6.2. Thermal batteries for water heaters and EVs
- 9.3.5. Metamaterials
  - 9.3.5.1. Metasurfaces
  - 9.3.5.2. Types of metamaterials
  - 9.3.5.3. Sound insulation
- 9.3.6. Graphene
- 9.3.7. Nanofiber-based insulation material
  - 9.3.7.1. Polymer nanofibers
  - 9.3.7.2. Alumina nanofibers
9.4. Companies

10. BUILDING ENERGY HARVESTING AND GENERATION

10.1. Market drivers
10.2. Advanced materials for building energy harvesting
- 10.2.1. Piezoelectric materials
- 10.2.2. Thermoelectric materials
- 10.2.3. Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
  - 10.2.3.1. Photovoltaic glazing
  - 10.2.3.2. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)
  - 10.2.3.3. Organic solar cells (OSCs)
  - 10.2.3.4. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs)
  - 10.2.3.5. Quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs)
  - 10.2.3.6. Copper zinc tin sulphide solar cells (CZTS)
- 10.2.4. Microalgae bioreactive façades
10.3. Companies

11. SMART SENSORS

11.1. Market drivers
11.2. Types of smart building sensors
11.3. Applications
- 11.3.1. Temperature and humidity sensors
- 11.3.2. Sensors for air quality
- 11.3.3. Magnetostrictive sensors
- 11.3.4. Magneto- and electrorheological fluids
- 11.3.5. CO2 sensors for energy efficient buildings
11.4. Companies

12. SMART LIGHTING

12.1. Market drivers
12.2. Advanced materials for smart lighting
- 12.2.1. LEDs
- 12.2.2. Organic LEDs (OLEDs)
- 12.2.3. Quantum dots
- 12.2.4. Graphene
- 12.2.5. Sensor-based lighting
12.3. Companies

13. REFERENCES

Tables

Table 1. Market drivers for advanced materials in smart and sustainable buildings
Table 2. Summary of adaptive facade technologies and processes
Table 3. Markets for smart glass and windows
Table 4: Properties of nanocoatings
Table 5. Comparison of smart glass and windows types
Table 6. Market drivers for smart glass
Table 7. Technologies controlling daylight transmission
Table 8. Types of passive smart glass
Table 9. Types of active smart glass
Table 10. Advantages and disadvantages of respective smart glass technologies
Table 11. Market structure for smart glass and windows
Table 12. Manufacturers of smart film and glass, by type
Table 13. Routes to market for smart glass companies
Table 14. Technologies for smart windows in buildings
Table 15. Market and technical challenges for smart glass and windows, by main technology type
Table 16. Types of electrochromic materials and applications
Table 17. Market drivers for advanced construction materials
Table 18. Graphene for concrete and cement
Table 19. Typical properties of nanosilica
Table 20. Types of self-healing coatings and materials
Table 21. Comparative properties of self-healing materials
Table 22. Types of self-healing concrete
Table 23. Types of fillers in self-sensing concrete
Table 24. Applications of self-sensing concrete
Table 25. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 26. Physical properties of NiTi
Table 27. Applications of shape memory materials in construction and stage of development
Table 28. Properties of copper-based shape memory alloys
Table 29. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs
Table 30. Market drivers for smart coatings in buildings
Table 31. Advanced coating applied in the building and construction industry
Table 32. Contact angles of hydrophilic, super hydrophilic, hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces
Table 33. Anti-fouling and easy-to-clean coatings-Nanomaterials used, principles, properties and applications
Table 34. Polymer-based coatings for antimicrobial coatings and surfaces
Table 35. Market drivers for smart air filtration and HVAC
Table 36. Comparison of CNT membranes with other membrane technologies
Table 37. Market and applications for graphene in filtration
Table 38. Market assessment for PCMs in building and construction-market age, applications, key benefits and motivation for use, market drivers and trends, market challenges
Table 39. Types of thermal insulation materials
Table 40. Market drivers for advanced materials in thermal and sound insulation
Table 41. Technologies controlling heat loss from windows, walls and roofs in smart and sustainable buildings
Table 42. Comparison of VIP with other insulation
Table 43. Market overview of aerogels in building and construction-market drivers, types of aerogels utilized, motivation for use of aerogels, applications, TRL
Table 44. General properties and value of aerogels
Table 45. Commercially available aerogel-enhanced blankets
Table 46. PCM Types and properties
Table 47. Advantages and disadvantages of organic PCM Fatty Acids
Table 48. Advantages and disadvantages of salt hydrates
Table 49. Advantages and disadvantages of low melting point metals
Table 50. Market assessment for PCMs in building and construction-market age, applications, key benefits and motivation for use, market drivers and trends, market challenges
Table 51. Market assessment for PCMs in thermal storage systems-market age, applications, key benefits and motivation for use, market drivers and trends, market challenges
Table 52. CrodaTherm Range
Table 53. Market drivers for advanced materials and technologies in energy harvesting for buildings
Table 54. Technologies generating electricity in smart buildings
Table 55. Market drivers for smart sensors for buildings
Table 56. Types of smart building sensors
Table 57. Commonly used sensors in smart buildings
Table 58. Types of flexible humidity sensors
Table 59. MOF sensor applications
Table 60: Market drivers for smart lighting in smart and sustainable buildings
Table 61. QD-LEDs and External quantum efficiencies (EQE)
Table 62. Market and applications for graphene in lighting

Figures

Figure 1. Productivity and comfort gains achieved through window and ventilation technologies
Figure 2. SLENTEX® thermal insulation
Figure 3. Energy harvesting technologies
Figure 4. Energy harvesting solutions in smart buildings
Figure 5. Global market revenues for smart buildings, by technology areas, 2018-2033 (Millions USD)
Figure 6. Nanocrystal smart glass that can switch between fully transparent, heat-blocking, and light-and-heat-blocking modes
Figure 7. Typical setup of an electrochromic device (ECD)
Figure 8. Electrochromic smart glass schematic
Figure 9. Electrochromic smart glass
Figure 10. Examples of electrochromic smart windows each in fully coloured (left) and bleached state (right)
Figure 11. Argil smart glass for buildings
Figure 12. CoverLight by Chromogenics
Figure 13. Thermochromic smart windows schematic
Figure 14. Vertical insulated glass unit for a Suntuitive® thermochromic window
Figure 15. SPD smart windows schematic
Figure 16. SPD film lamination
Figure 17. SPD smart film schematic. Control the transmittance of light and glare by adjusting AC voltage to the SPD Film
Figure 18. SPD film glass installation at Indiana University
Figure 19. Schematic of Cromalite SPD film
Figure 20. PDLC schematic
Figure 21. Schematic of PDLC film and self-adhesive PDLC film
Figure 22. Smart glass made with polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) technology
Figure 23. e-Tint® cell in the (a) OFF and in the (b) ON states
Figure 24. Bestroom Smart VU film
Figure 25. Schematic of Magic Glass
Figure 26. Application of Magic Glass in office
Figure 27. Installation schematic of Magic Glass
Figure 28. Micro-blinds schematic
Figure 29. Cross-section of Electro Kinetic Film
Figure 30. Schematic of HISG
Figure 31. UbiQD PV windows
Figure 32. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete
Figure 33. MWCNTS in concrete and cement
Figure 34. SWCNTS in concrete and cement
Figure 35. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in concrete and cement additives
Figure 36. SEM micrographs of plain (A) and nano-silica modified cement paste (B)
Figure 37. Schematic of photocatalytic air purifying pavement
Figure 38. Applicaiton of Zycosil in concrete
Figure 39. Phase change materials for thermal energy storage in concrete
Figure 40. Schematic of self-healing polymers. Capsule based (a), vascular (b), and intrinsic (c) schemes for self-healing materials. Red and blue colours indicate chemical species which react (purple) to heal damage
Figure 41. Stages of self-healing mechanism
Figure 42. Schematic of the self-healing concept using microcapsules with a healing agent inside
Figure 43. Self-healing mechanism in vascular self-healing systems
Figure 44. Comparison of self-healing systems
Figure 45. Self-healing bacteria crack filler for concrete
Figure 46. Self-healing concrete test study with cracked concrete (left) and self-healed concrete after 28 days (right)
Figure 47. Self-healing bacteria crack filler for concrete
Figure 48. Self-healing concrete
Figure 49. Self-sensing concrete schematic
Figure 50. Memory-steel reinforcement bars
Figure 51. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 52. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
Figure 53. Microalgae based biocement masonry bloc
Figure 54. Graphene asphalt additives
Figure 55. OG (Original Graphene) Concrete Admix Plus
Figure 56. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint
Figure 57. Metamaterials example structures
Figure 58. Metamaterial schematic versus conventional materials
Figure 59. Robotic metamaterial device for seismic-induced vibration mitigation
Figure 60. Histeresys cycle for Superelastic and shape memory material
Figure 61. Shape memory effect
Figure 62. Superelasticity Elastic Property
Figure 63. Stress x Strain diagram
Figure 64. Shape memory pipe joint
Figure 65. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli
Figure 66. Cabkoma strand rod
Figure 67. Viscoelastic coupling damper
Figure 68. Schematic of dry-cooling technology
Figure 69. Mechanism of photocatalysis on a surface treated with TiO2 nanoparticles
Figure 70. Schematic showing the self-cleaning phenomena on superhydrophilic surface
Figure 71. Titanium dioxide-coated glass (left) and ordinary glass (right)
Figure 72. Schematic of photocatalytic air purifying pavement
Figure 73. Self-Cleaning mechanism utilizing photooxidation
Figure 74. (a) Water drops on a lotus leaf
Figure 75. Self-cleaning superhydrophobic coating schematic
Figure 76. Contact angle on superhydrophobic coated surface
Figure 77. Antibacterial mechanisms of metal and metallic oxide nanoparticles
Figure 78. GermStopSQ mechanism of action
Figure 79. NOx reduction with TioCem®
Figure 80. Quartzene®
Figure 81. V-CAT® photocatalyst mechanism
Figure 82. Applications of Titanystar
Figure 83. Capture mechanism for MOFs toward air pollutants
Figure 84. Schematic of photocatalytic indoor air purification filter
Figure 85. Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) air filter
Figure 86. Schematic indoor air filtration
Figure 87: CNF gel
Figure 88: Block nanocellulose material
Figure 89. Mosaic Materials MOFs
Figure 90. MOF-based cartridge (purple) added to an existing air conditioner
Figure 91. Global energy consumption growth of buildings
Figure 92. Energy consumption of residential building sector
Figure 93. Vacuum Insulation Panel (VIP)
Figure 94. Main characteristics of aerogel type materials
Figure 95. Classification of aerogels
Figure 96. Flower resting on a piece of silica aerogel suspended in mid air by the flame of a bunsen burner
Figure 97. Monolithic aerogel
Figure 98. Aerogel granules
Figure 99. Internal aerogel granule applications
Figure 100. Fabrication routes for starch-based aerogels
Figure 101. Aerogel construction applications
Figure 102. Commonly employed printing technologies for aerogels
Figure 103. Schematic for direct ink writing of silica aerogels
Figure 104. 3D printed aerogel
Figure 105. MOF-coated heat exchanger
Figure 106. Classification of PCMs
Figure 107. Phase-change materials in their original states
Figure 108. Schematic of PCM use in buildings
Figure 109. Comparison of the maximum energy storage capacity of 10 mm thickness of different building materials operating between 18 °C and 26 °C for 24 h
Figure 110. Schematic of PCM in storage tank linked to solar collector
Figure 111. UniQ line of thermal batteries
Figure 112. Metamaterials example structures
Figure 113. Metamaterial schematic versus conventional materials
Figure 114. Prototype metamaterial device used in acoustic sound insulation
Figure 115. Metamaterials installed in HVAC sound insulation the Hotel Madera Hong Kong
Figure 116. Graphene aerogel
Figure 117. TE module schematic
Figure 118. Utilization of TE materials in exterior walls for energy generation, heating and cooling
Figure 119. The Sun Rock building, Taiwan
Figure 120. Photovoltaic solar cells
Figure 121. Classification of BIPV products
Figure 122. BIQ House in Hamburg
Figure 123. Photo.Synth.Etica curtain
Figure 124. Hikari building incorporating SunEwat Square solar glazing
Figure 125. Elegante solar glass panel
Figure 126. Certainteed Apollo-2 solar shingles roof
Figure 127. Triple insulated glass unit for the Stadtwerke Konstanz energy cube in Germany
Figure 128. Moscow building incorporating Hevel's BIPV product
Figure 129. Mitrex solar façade layers
Figure 130. Solar Brick by Mitrex
Figure 131. QDSSC Module
Figure 132. DragonScales technology
Figure 133. Photovoltaic integration in façade at the Gioia 22 skyscraper, in Milan
Figure 134. S6 flexible solar module
Figure 135. Ubiquitous Energy windows installed at the Boulder Commons in Colorado
Figure 136. Use of sensors in smart buildings
Figure 137. Sensor surface
Figure 138. Printed moisture sensors
Figure 139. Fourth generation QD-LEDs
Figure 140. Applications of graphene in lighting
Figure 141. Graphene LED bulbs
Figure 142. iOLED film light source