首頁 > 市場調查報告書 > 材料

有機化合物

市場調查報告書

商品編碼

1390171

全球草酸市場 - 2023-2030

Global Oxalic Acid Market - 2023-2030

出版日期: 2023年12月05日 | 出版商:

DataM Intelligence | 英文 201 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

價格

※ 本網頁內容可能與最新版本有所差異。詳細情況請與我們聯繫。

簡介目錄

概述

2022年，全球草酸市場規模達15億美元，預計2030年將達20億美元，2023-2030年預測期間CAGR為4.3%。

對永續製造方法的需求是草酸產業的新趨勢。生產商的目標是採用更清潔、更有益的製造程序，以減少與草酸製造相關的碳足跡。此模式符合永續發展的原則，並由客戶對生態友善產品的需求以及政府的要求所驅動。

許多家用和清潔產品中都含有大量的草酸。由於其能有效去除鐵鏽、污漬和礦物質沉積物，因此可用於除鏽劑、去污劑和木材清潔劑。由於保持清潔和衛生的全球趨勢，特別是為了應對當前的健康問題，對有效清潔解決方案的需求不斷增加。因此，草酸在清潔產品中的使用量持續成長，並推動了市場的擴張。

亞太地區是全球草酸市場的成長地區之一，佔全球草酸市場佔有率的1/3以上。這種工業擴張推動了對草酸的需求，草酸被用於紡織、醫藥和冶金等多種生產過程。隨著這些行業的發展，草酸作為化學試劑和清潔劑的需求不斷增加，從而推動了市場擴張。此外，在中國和印度等國家，亞太地區正在經歷巨大的工業化。

動力學

人們越來越擔心手術部位感染增加

由於人們越來越擔心手術部位感染的增加，草酸市場將會成長。手術切口部位或手術損傷的組織層的感染稱為手術部位感染（SSIS）。從常規門診手術到大型手術，任何外科手術後都可能發生感染。草酸具有抗菌特性，可能對某些細菌和真菌具有抗菌作用，有助於預防手術部位感染。

例如，2023 年 1 月，美國政府疾病管制與預防中心宣布，與所有手術程序類別相關的 SSI 標準化感染率 (SIR) 比前一年成長了近 3%。因此，對手術部位感染增加的日益擔憂將推動草酸市場的發展。

增加對草酸的投資

全球草酸市場主要受到投資增加的推動。這些支出包括研發、產能成長以及草酸產業尖端技術的開發。草酸有許多應用，隨著越來越多的公司了解這些應用，生產過程中創新和突破的需求不斷成長，以滿足不斷成長的需求。

由於對研發的關注度不斷提高，預計市場將受到更好的草酸生產品質和效率的推動。草酸市場現在由不斷成長的投資決定。為了滿足需求並維持市場佔有率，最大的草酸交易公司正在專注於增加投資。

例如，總部位於西班牙的草酸生產商 Oxaquim SA 於 2022 年 5 月宣布，將投資 4,400 萬歐元（4,705 萬美元）擴建 Alcaniz 工廠，將年產能從 20,000 噸提高到 25,000 噸。並在安道爾建立新工廠。這一成長將滿足未來草酸的需求。

草酸在製藥工業的使用不斷增加

製藥行業支出的增加預計將增加草酸市場的未來。藥品的開發、製造和分銷屬於製藥企業的權限。在製藥領域，草酸用作多種藥物和化合物合成的中間體。

根據總部位於比利時的製藥業貿易協會歐洲製藥工業協會聯合會的報告，歐洲衛生部門將投資 1,887 億歐元（2,060 億美元）用於製藥業的研發 (R&D) 2021 年。與其他產業相比，該產業在投資方面處於領先地位，佔全球所有公司研發支出的20.8%。

透過投入更多資金，使用草酸發現新療法的能力變得更加簡單。它還可以提高生產力和創造力。因此，草酸市場受到製藥業支出增加的推動。

環境問題

草酸的市場受到環境問題的嚴重限制。草酸的生產會為環境帶來問題，因為它具有高碳足跡並釋放二氧化碳 (CO2) 等溫室氣體。隨著全球氣候變遷和永續發展計畫受到越來越多的關注，企業面臨越來越嚴格的審查和壓力，要求企業減少碳排放並採取有益的生態實踐。

此外，草酸製造商必須透過創造更清潔、更健康的生產技術來解決這些環境問題。過渡到更健康的流程可能會帶來額外的費用和困難，例如創造新技術和遵守更嚴格的環境標準。這些因素可能會影響草酸的價格和供應，為市場拓展帶來困難。

草酸的健康問題

草酸毒性問題正成為越來越多的公共衛生問題的根源，這正在重振該產業的成長。草酸已被證明是危險的，因此對其安全性的擔憂日益引起關注。由於政府機構和注重健康的消費者越來越多的審查，其使用和安全預防措施已被重新評估。

隨著健康問題的持續存在，許多行業對更安全的處理流程和更負責任地使用草酸的需求正在增加。製造商更重視創造更好的安全流程，並在某些用途上尋找危害較小的化學物質。除了解決健康問題外，對安全性的日益關注以及對生態友好的選擇的發展正在刺激草酸行業的創新。

Overview

Global Oxalic Acid Market reached US$ 1.5 billion in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 2.0 billion by 2030, growing with a CAGR of 4.3% during the forecast period 2023-2030.

The demand for sustainable manufacturing methods is a new trend in the oxalic acid industry. Producers are aiming for cleaner and more beneficial manufacturing processes in order to lessen the carbon footprint associated with the manufacture of oxalic acid. The pattern is in line with the principles of sustainable development and is driven by customer demand for ecologically friendly items as well as governmental requirements.

There is an important quantity of oxalic acid in many household and cleaning products. Because of its effectiveness in removing rust, stains and mineral deposits, it is used in rust removers, stain removers and wood cleaners. The need for effective cleaning solutions has increased due to the global trend towards preserving cleanliness and hygiene, particularly in reaction to current health concerns. As a result, oxalic acid usage in cleaning products keeps growing and is fueling market expansion.

Asia-Pacific is among the growing regions in the global oxalic acid market covering more than 1/3rd of the market. The need for oxalic acid, which is utilized in several production processes including those for textiles, medicines and metallurgy, is fueled by this industrial expansion. Oxalic acid demand as a chemical reagent and cleaner is rising as these sectors develop, which is fueling market expansion. In addition in countries like China and India, the Asia-Pacific is undergoing tremendous industrialization.

Dynamics

Rising Concerns of Increase in Surgical Site Infections

The market for oxalic acid will grow as a result of growing concern regarding the rise in surgical site infections. Infections at the site of a surgical incision or in the tissue layers that the surgical operation has damaged are referred to as surgical site infections (SSIS). The infections can develop following any surgical operation, from routine outpatient to major procedures. Oxalic acid contains antibacterial qualities and may have antimicrobial effects against certain bacteria and fungi, which helps prevent surgical site infections.

For instance, in January 2023, US government's Centres for Disease Control and Prevention announced that the SSI standardized infection ratio (SIR) associated with all operative procedure categories had grown by almost 3% from the year before. As a result, the market for oxalic acid will be driven by growing worries over the rise in surgical site infections.

Increasing Investments in Oxalic Acids

The global market for oxalic acid is being majorly driven by rising investments. The operations included by these expenditures include R&D, production capacity growth and the creation of cutting-edge technology for the oxalic acid sector. There are many applications for oxalic acid and as more companies learn about these applications, the need for innovation and breakthroughs in production procedures to meet the growing demand grows.

Because of the increased focus on research and development, it is predicted that the market will be driven by better oxalic acid production quality and efficiency. The market for oxalic acid is now defined by rising investment. To satisfy demand and maintain their market share, the largest companies that deal in oxalic acid are concentrating on boosting investments.

For instance, Oxaquim S.A., a producer of oxalic acid with headquarters in Spain, announced in May 2022 that it would increase its annual production capacity from 20,000 to 25000 metric Tons by investing 44 million euros ($47.05 million) in the expansion of its Alcaniz factory and the creation of a new facility in Andorra. Future oxalic acid demand will be satisfied with this growth.

Increasing Use of Oxalic Acid in the Pharmaceutical Industry

The pharmaceutical industry's increasing expenditure is expected to increase the oxalic acid market going forward. The development, manufacturing and distribution of medicinal products are within the authority of the pharmaceutical business. In the pharmaceutical sector, oxalic acid is used as an intermediary in the synthesis of several medications and compounds.

According to a report from the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations, a trade association for the pharmaceutical industry based in Belgium, the European health sectors will invest €188.7 billion or US$206 billion, in research and development (R&D) in the pharmaceutical industry in 2021. It was the leading industry in terms of investment when compared to the other sectors, which constituted 20.8% of all company R&D spending world.

The ability to use oxalic acid to discover new treatments is made simpler by investing more money. It may also enhance productivity and creativity. Therefore, the oxalic acid market is being driven by the rising expenditure on the pharmaceutical industry.

Environmental Concerns

Oxalic acid's market is severely limited by environmental concerns. The production of oxalic acid creates issues with the environment since it has a high carbon footprint and releases greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2). As the spotlight on global climate change and sustainability programs increases, businesses are coming under increased scrutiny and pressure to cut their carbon emissions and embrace beneficial ecological practices.

Additionally, manufacturers of oxalic acid must thus address these environmental issues by creating cleaner and more healthy production techniques. Transitioning to healthier processes could come with extra expenses and difficulties, such as the creation of new technology and adherence to tougher environmental standards. The elements may have an effect on the price and supply of oxalic acid, thereby providing difficulties for market expansion.

Health Concerns of Oxalic Acid

Oxalic acid toxicity issues are becoming a growing source of public health concerns, which is reviving industry growth. Oxalic acid has been shown to be dangerous therefore concerns about its safety have acquired relevance increasingly. Due to growing scrutiny from government agencies and health-conscious consumers, its use and safety precautions have been reevaluated.

The demand for safer processes for handling and more responsible usage of oxalic acid across numerous sectors is rising as health concerns persist. Manufacturers are putting more of an emphasis on creating better safety processes and looking into less hazardous chemicals for some uses. In addition to addressing health issues, this increased focus on safety and a move towards more ecologically friendly options are spurring innovation in the oxalic acid sector.

Segment Analysis

The global oxalic acid market is segmented based on product, grade, application, end-user and region.

Rising Use of Oxalic Acid in the Expansion of Pharmaceutical Industry

Pharmaceuticals segment is among the growing regions in the global oxalic acid market covering more than 1/3rd of the market. Oxalic acid producers now have a booming market because of the global expansion of the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. Drugs like borneol, tetracycline and antibiotics are produced by the pharmaceutical industry using oxalic acid. Oxalic acid is an additional component used in tooth-whitening preparations.

According to the IFPMA, global biopharmaceutical companies will invest US$US 182 billion in 2021, which is the greatest amount ever and that amount will rise at a CAGR of 4.2% during the ensuing five years. As a result, the oxalic acid market will see burgeoning opportunities due to the pharmaceutical industries' increasing adoption of research and development.

The rising use of antibiotics is one of oxalic acid's key benefits. Oxalic acid is also used to deproteinize and dechelate medications, as well as to inhibit the growth of naturally occurring microbes. The market for oxalic acid is therefore anticipated to have considerable growth in the pharmaceutical application segment during the forecast period, taking into account the aforementioned aspects.

Geographical Penetration

Rising Demand for Oxalic Acid in the Pharmaceutical Sector in North America

Asia-Pacific has been a dominant force in the global oxalic acid market and increased demand for oxalic acid from the pharmaceutical industry across Asia, including India, China and Japan. Asia-Pacific has been a prominent force in the globally oxalic acid market. The majority of the oxalic acid used in Asia-Pacific is consumed by China, one of the top manufacturers in the world.

The India Brand Equity Foundation projects that by 2022, the Indian healthcare industry will be valued at $US 372 billion. The main factors driving this expansion include growing income levels, more health awareness, an increase in the prevalence of lifestyle illnesses and easier access to insurance.

Oxalic acid is also used in the manufacturing of salts, esters, fine chemicals, industrial chemicals, catalysts phenol resin and other chemicals. Oxalic acid is in high demand in Asia-Pacific nations as a result of increased investment in the chemical manufacturing industry.

Furthermore. After spending US$US 8 billion on the region, the Chinese government plans to use Xinjiang as a center for the production of clothing and textiles. The northwest of China is projected to take control as the country's major textile production base by 2030. The is yet another factor contributing to the booming oxalic acid business in the region.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

The global market for oxalic acid was significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns and interruptions in production and logistics caused by the virus's global spread posed problems for the supply chain. Oxalic acid manufacturing and delivery were hampered, which had an effect on the industries that used the chemical.

Reduced demand from certain industries was another effect of the economic crisis brought on by the epidemic, which further impacted the market. Additionally, the pandemic had various effects on different oxalic acid market categories. Demand for cleaning solutions containing oxalic acid developed as a result of the increased focus on hygiene and disinfection to stop the virus' transmission.

The market therefore saw a spike in demand from the cleaning and sanitation industry. Oppositely, oxalic acid use in industries like textiles and pharmaceuticals, which are major consumers, fell as a result of supply chain disruptions and economic volatility. The pandemic also made supply chain resilience and diversity more apparent.

In addition, businesses in the oxalic acid industry started looking for alternate sources and suppliers to reduce future interruptions, concentrating on maintaining a consistent supply of this essential ingredient. While COVID-19's immediate effects posed difficulties, they also gave the industry the opportunity to improve its supply chain strategy for better resilience in the face of future shocks.

Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis

The war between Russia and Ukraine has had a substantial effect on the oxalic acid market. Ukraine is one of the main producers of oxalic acid and the instability brought on by the ongoing conflict has hampered supply chains and increased market volatility. Oxalic acid, which is utilized in several sectors, including medicines, textiles and metal-cleaning procedures, has raised worries about probable shortages and rising prices.

Businesses that depend on a consistent supply of oxalic acid have thus had to adjust to the difficulties presented by the geopolitical tensions in the area, including looking for alternate suppliers and changing their procurement practices. The war between Russia and Ukraine has also highlighted the larger effects of geopolitical crises on the world supply chains for chemicals like oxalic acid.

That serves as a reminder of the need for supply chain resilience and diversity as firms explore methods to lessen their reliance on certain locations that are impacted by geopolitical upheaval. Stakeholders in the global oxalic acid market will continue to keep an eye on developments as the situation changes and will modify their plans as necessary to deal with the difficulties these geopolitical dynamics provide.

By Product

Anhydrous
Dihydrate
Aqueous Solution

By Grade

Standard Grade (Purity 96%-99%)
Technical/Pharma Grade (Purity 99%-99.9%)
Electronic/Food Grade (Purity 99.9%-99.999%)

By Application

Bleaching & Purifying Agents
Reducing Agents
Stain & Rust Removers
Miticide
Precipitation Agents
Others

By End-User

Petrochemicals
Water Treatment Chemicals
Metallurgy
Textiles & Leather
Pharmaceuticals
Electronics & Semiconductors
Food & Beverages
Wood Pulp
Others

By Region

North America
- U.S.
- Canada
- Mexico
Europe
- Germany
- UK
- France
- Italy
- Russia
- Rest of Europe
South America
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Rest of South America
Asia-Pacific
- China
- India
- Japan
- Australia
- Rest of Asia-Pacific
Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

On April 22, 2021, the demand for oxalic acid has risen and Oxaquim, the first European manufacturer and second in the world, increased production between 2.021 and 2.022 at its Alcaiz facilities in response to this demand growth and to solidify its position as a crucial firm for some nations, particularly in the rare earth sector.
On August 05, 2022, UBE Corporation has officially finalized its acquisition of API Corporation, a subsidiary of the Mitsubishi Chemical Group (Life Science Institute, Inc.). The strategic move aims to enable both entities to streamline their manufacturing and research and development assets for mutual benefit.

Competitive Landscape

The major global players in the market include: Mudanjiang Fengda Chemical Co., Ltd., Oxaquim, Merck KGaA, UBE Industries Ltd., Clariant International Limited, Indian Oxalate Limited, Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corp., PENTA s.r.o, Honeywell International Inc. and Sigma-Aldrich.

Why Purchase the Report?

To visualize the global oxalic acid market segmentation based on product, grade, application, end-user and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.
Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
Excel data sheet with numerous data points of oxalic acid market-level with all segments.
PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
Product mapping available as Excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global oxalic acid market report would provide approximately 69 tables, 76 figures and 201 Pages.

Target Audience 2023

Manufacturers/ Buyers
Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
Research Professionals
Emerging Companies

1. Methodology and Scope

1.1. Research Methodology
1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

3.1. Snippet by Product
3.2. Snippet by Grade
3.3. Snippet by Application
3.4. Snippet by End-User
3.5. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

4.1. Impacting Factors
- 4.1.1. Drivers
  - 4.1.1.1. Rising Concerns of Increase in Surgical Site Infections
  - 4.1.1.2. Increasing Investments in Oxalic Acids
  - 4.1.1.3. Increasing Use of Oxalic Acid in the Pharmaceutical Industry
- 4.1.2. Restraints
  - 4.1.2.1. Environmental Concerns
  - 4.1.2.2. Health Concerns of Oxalic Acid
- 4.1.3. Opportunity
- 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
5.3. Pricing Analysis
5.4. Regulatory Analysis
5.5. Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis
5.6. DMI Opinion

6. COVID-19 Analysis

6.1. Analysis of COVID-19
- 6.1.1. Scenario Before COVID
- 6.1.2. Scenario During COVID
- 6.1.3. Scenario Post COVID
6.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
6.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
6.4. Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
6.5. Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
6.6. Conclusion

7. By Product

7.1. Introduction
- 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
- 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Product
7.2. Anhydrous*
- 7.2.1. Introduction
- 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
7.3. Dihydrate
7.4. Aqueous Solution

8. By Grade

8.1. Introduction
- 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Grade
- 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Grade
8.2. Standard Grade (Purity 96%-99%) *
- 8.2.1. Introduction
- 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
8.3. Technical/Pharma Grade (Purity 99%-99.9%)
8.4. Electronic/Food Grade (Purity 99.9%-99.999%)

9. By Application

9.1. Introduction
- 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
- 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Application
9.2. Bleaching & Purifying Agents*
- 9.2.1. Introduction
- 9.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
9.3. Reducing Agents
9.4. Stain & Rust Removers
9.5. Miticide
9.6. Precipitation Agents
9.7. Others

10. By End-User

10.1. Introduction
- 10.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
- 10.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By End-User
10.2. Petrochemicals*
- 10.2.1. Introduction
- 10.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
10.3. Water Treatment Chemicals
10.4. Metallurgy
10.5. Textiles & Leather
10.6. Pharmaceuticals
10.7. Electronics & Semiconductors
10.8. Food & Beverages
10.9. Wood Pulp
10.10. Others

11. By Region

11.1. Introduction
- 11.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
- 11.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
11.2. North America
- 11.2.1. Introduction
- 11.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
- 11.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
- 11.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Grade
- 11.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
- 11.2.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
- 11.2.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
  - 11.2.7.1. U.S.
  - 11.2.7.2. Canada
  - 11.2.7.3. Mexico
11.3. Europe
- 11.3.1. Introduction
- 11.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
- 11.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
- 11.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Grade
- 11.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
- 11.3.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
- 11.3.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
  - 11.3.7.1. Germany
  - 11.3.7.2. UK
  - 11.3.7.3. France
  - 11.3.7.4. Russia
  - 11.3.7.5. Spain
  - 11.3.7.6. Rest of Europe
11.4. South America
- 11.4.1. Introduction
- 11.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
- 11.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
- 11.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Grade
- 11.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
- 11.4.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
- 11.4.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
  - 11.4.7.1. Brazil
  - 11.4.7.2. Argentina
  - 11.4.7.3. Rest of South America
11.5. Asia-Pacific
- 11.5.1. Introduction
- 11.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
- 11.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
- 11.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Grade
- 11.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
- 11.5.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
- 11.5.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
  - 11.5.7.1. China
  - 11.5.7.2. India
  - 11.5.7.3. Japan
  - 11.5.7.4. Australia
  - 11.5.7.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
11.6. Middle East and Africa
- 11.6.1. Introduction
- 11.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
- 11.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
- 11.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Grade
- 11.6.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
- 11.6.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User

12. Competitive Landscape

12.1. Competitive Scenario
12.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
12.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

13. Company Profiles

13.1. Mudanjiang Fengda Chemical Co., Ltd.*
- 13.1.1. Company Overview
- 13.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
- 13.1.3. Financial Overview
- 13.1.4. Key Developments
13.2. Oxaquim
13.3. Merck KGaA
13.4. UBE Industries Ltd.
13.5. Clariant International Limited
13.6. Indian Oxalate Limited
13.7. Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corp.
13.8. PENTA s.r.o
13.9. Honeywell International Inc.
13.10. Sigma-Aldrich

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE