封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
2075178

肺計量計市場:依產品類型、技術類型、應用、最終用戶和地區分類

Spirometer Market, By Product Type, By Technology Type, By Application, By End User, By geography, By geography

出版日期: | 出版商: Coherent Market Insights | 英文 250+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格
簡介目錄

預計到 2026 年,肺計量計市場規模將達到 15.113 億美元,到 2033 年將達到 28.894 億美元。預計從 2026 年到 2033 年,其複合年成長率將達到 9.7%。

報告範圍 報告詳情
基準年: 2025 2026年市場規模: 15.113億美元
歷史數據時期: 2020年至2024年 預測期: 2026年至2033年
2026年至2033年預測期間的複合年成長率: 9.70% 2033年市場規模預測: 2,889,400,000 美元

肺計量計是一種非侵入性醫療設備,透過測量吸入和呼出的空氣量來評估肺功能。肺計量計廣泛用於診斷慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)和氣喘等呼吸系統疾病。它們也用於監測慢性肺病的治療過程,並確定治療是否有效改善患者的呼吸狀況。肺活量計是根據兩個主要指標的測量:用力呼氣容積(FEV1)和用力肺活量(FVC)。用力呼氣容積是指每秒能用力呼出的空氣量。用力肺活量是指深吸氣後能用力呼出的最大空氣量。 FVC 和 FEV1 的測量有助於醫生評估患者呼吸功能障礙的嚴重程度。 FVC 值低於正常值表示呼吸受限,而 FEV1 值偏低則表示有嚴重的呼吸道阻塞。

市場動態

預計在預測期內,呼吸系統疾病的日益普遍、醫療保健領域自動化技術的進步以及市場主要參與者擴大採用收購、合併和合作等非內部成長策略,將成為全球肺計量計市場成長的主要驅動力。

例如,根據世界衛生組織(世衛組織)提供的統計數據,2019 年全球約有 2.62 億人患有氣喘,使其成為不僅影響成人,而且影響兒童的主要非傳染性氣喘之一。

本研究的主要特點:

  • 本研究揭示了各個細分市場的潛在商機,並為該市場說明了一個具有吸引力的投資提案矩陣。
  • 此外,本研究還深入分析了市場促進因素、限制因素、機會、新產品發布和批准、市場趨勢、區域展望以及主要參與者採取的競爭策略。
  • 本研究根據以下參數對全球肺計量計市場的主要參與者進行了分析:公司概況、財務業績、產品系列、市場佔有率、分銷策略、主要發展、戰略和未來計劃。
  • 本報告提供的見解將使企業行銷負責人和經營團隊能夠就未來的產品發布、型號升級、市場擴張和行銷策略做出明智的決策。
  • 這份全球肺計量計市場報告的目標受群眾外包括行業內的各種相關人員,例如投資者、供應商、產品製造商、經銷商、新參與企業和金融分析師。
  • 相關人員可以利用全球肺計量計市場分析中使用的各種策略矩陣來促進決策。

目錄

第1章:研究目標與前提條件

  • 分析目的
  • 先決條件
  • 簡稱

第2章 市場展望

  • 報告說明
    • 市場定義和範圍
  • 執行摘要
  • Coherent Opportunity Map(COM)

第3章:市場動態、監管與趨勢分析

  • 市場動態
    • 促進因素
    • 抑制因子
    • 市場機遇
  • 影響分析
  • 近期產品核可上市
  • 併購和合作
  • 監管趨勢
  • 價格分析
  • 主要進展
  • PEST分析
  • 波特五力分析

第4章:全球肺計量計市場

    • 經濟影響
    • 對供需的影響

第5章 全球肺計量計市場:依產品類型分類,2021-2033年

  • 手持式
  • 桌面
  • 桌面

第6章 全球肺計量計市場:依技術類型分類,2021-2033年

  • 體積測量
  • 流量測量
  • 峰值流量測量

第7章 全球肺計量計市場:依應用領域分類,2021-2033年

  • 氣喘
  • 慢性阻塞性肺病
  • 囊腫纖維化
  • 肺纖維化
  • 其他疾病(肺氣腫、慢性支氣管炎、支氣管擴張)

第8章 全球肺計量計市場:依最終用戶分類,2021-2033年

  • 醫院和診所
  • 家庭醫療保健

第9章 全球肺計量計市場:依地區分類,2021-2033年

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
  • 歐洲
    • 英國
    • 德國
    • 義大利
    • 法國
    • 西班牙
    • 俄羅斯
    • 其他歐洲國家
  • 亞太地區
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • ASEAN
    • 澳洲
    • 韓國
    • 其他亞太國家
  • 拉丁美洲
    • 巴西
    • 墨西哥
    • 阿根廷
    • 其他拉丁美洲國家
  • 中東
    • GCC
    • 以色列
    • 其他中東國家
  • 非洲
    • 北非
    • 中非
    • 南非

第10章 競爭格局

  • 公司簡介
    • Koninklijke Philips NV
    • SCHILLER
    • Midmark Corporation
    • Smiths Medical
    • Vyaire Medical, Inc.
    • SDI Diagnostics
    • Nihon Kohden Corporation
    • COSMED srl
    • Fukuda Sangyo Co. Ltd.
    • Medicare Systems
    • MGC Diagnostics Corporation
    • LabTech
    • Vitalograph
    • Futuremed
    • Geratherm Medical AG
    • Guangzhou Medsinglong Medical Equipment Co., Ltd
    • Aluna
    • Welch Allyn
  • 分析師意見

第11章

  • 參考
  • 調查方法
簡介目錄
Product Code: CMI2615

Spirometer Market is estimated to be valued at USD 1,511.3 Mn in 2026 and is expected to reach USD 2,889.4 Mn by 2033, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.7% from 2026 to 2033.

Report Coverage Report Details
Base Year: 2025 Market Size in 2026: USD 1,511.3 Mn
Historical Data for: 2020 To 2024 Forecast Period: 2026 To 2033
Forecast Period 2026 to 2033 CAGR: 9.70% 2033 Value Projection: USD 2,889.4 Mn

Spirometer is a non-invasive medical device which is used to assess the functioning of lungs by measuring the amount of air inhaled and exhaled. Spirometer is a commonly used device for diagnosis of respiratory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and others. Spirometer may also be used to monitor the progress of a treatment for chronic lung disease in order to determine if a treatment is effective in helping the patient to breathe better. A spirometer is based on the measurement of two key factors: forced expiratory volume (FEV) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Forced expiratory volume can be defined as the air volume that can be forced out of the lungs in a second. Forced vital capacity is referred to as the largest volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs after a deep breath. FVC and FEV reading helps a physician to assess the severity of breathing problems faced by the patient. When the FVC reading is lower than the normal reading, it is indicative of restricted breathing while a lower FEV reading indicates severe obstruction in breathing.

Market Dynamics

The increasing prevalence of respiratory disorders, rising automation in the field of healthcare, and increasing adoption of inorganic growth strategies such as acquisitions, mergers, collaborations, and others by key players operating in the market, are the major factors that are expected to drive growth of the global spirometer market over the forecast period.

For instance, according to the statistics provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2019 around 262 million people suffered from asthma globally, thus making asthma one of the major non-communicable disease which can affect both adults as well as children.

Key features of the study:

  • It elucidates potential revenue opportunities across different segments and explains attractive investment proposition matrices for this market
  • This study also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approval, market trends, regional outlook, and competitive strategies adopted by key players
  • It profiles key players in the global spirometer market based on the following parameters - company overview, financial performance, product portfolio, market presence, distribution strategies, key developments, strategies, and future plans
  • Key companies covered as a part of this study include Koninklijke Philips N.V., SCHILLER, Midmark Corporation, Smiths Medical, Vyaire Medical, Inc., SDI Diagnostics, Nihon Kohden Corporation, COSMED srl, Fukuda Sangyo Co. Ltd., Medicare Systems, MGC Diagnostics Corporation, LabTech, Vitalograph, Futuremed, Geratherm Medical AG, Guangzhou Medsinglong Medical Equipment Co., Ltd, and Welch Allyn
  • Insights from this report would allow marketers and the management authorities of the companies to make informed decisions regarding their future product launches, type up-gradation, market expansion, and marketing tactics
  • The global spirometer market report caters to various stakeholders in this industry including investors, suppliers, product manufacturers, distributors, new entrants, and financial analysts
  • Stakeholders would have ease in decision-making through various strategy matrices used in analyzing the global spirometer market

Detailed Segmentation:

  • Global Spirometer Market, By Product Type (Revenue, USD Mn, 2021 - 2033)
  • Hand Held
  • Table Top
  • Desktop
  • Global Spirometer Market, By Technology Type (Revenue, USD Mn, 2021 - 2033)
  • Volume Measurement
  • Flow Measurement
  • Peak Flow Measurement
  • Global Spirometer Market, By Application (Revenue, USD Mn, 2021 - 2033)
  • Asthma
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Pulmonary Fibrosis
  • Others (Others include Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, and Bronchiectasis)
  • Global Spirometer Market, By End User (Revenue, USD Mn, 2021 - 2033)
  • Hospitals and Clinics
  • Home Healthcare
  • Global Spirometer Market, By Region (Revenue, USD Mn, 2021 - 2033)
  • North America
    • By Product Type
      • Hand Held
      • Table Top
      • Desktop
    • By Technology Type
      • Volume Measurement
      • Flow Measurement
      • Peak Flow Measurement
    • By Application
      • Asthma
      • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
      • Cystic Fibrosis
      • Pulmonary Fibrosis
      • Others (Others include Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, and Bronchiectasis)
    • By End User
      • Hospitals and Clinics
      • Home Healthcare
    • By Country
      • U.S.
      • Canada
  • Latin America
    • By Product Type
      • Hand Held
      • Table Top
      • Desktop
    • By Technology Type
      • Volume Measurement
      • Flow Measurement
      • Peak Flow Measurement
    • By Application
      • Asthma
      • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
      • Cystic Fibrosis
      • Pulmonary Fibrosis
      • Others (Others include Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, and Bronchiectasis)
    • By End User
      • Hospitals and Clinics
      • Home Healthcare
    • By Country
      • Brazil
      • Mexico
      • Argentina
      • Rest of Latin America
  • Europe
    • By Product Type
      • Hand Held
      • Table Top
      • Desktop
    • By Technology Type
      • Volume Measurement
      • Flow Measurement
      • Peak Flow Measurement
    • By Application
      • Asthma
      • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
      • Cystic Fibrosis
      • Pulmonary Fibrosis
      • Others (Others include Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, and Bronchiectasis)
    • By End User
      • Hospitals and Clinics
      • Home Healthcare
    • By Country
      • Germany
      • U.K.
      • France
      • Italy
      • Spain
      • Russia
      • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • By Product Type
      • Hand Held
      • Table Top
      • Desktop
    • By Technology Type
      • Volume Measurement
      • Flow Measurement
      • Peak Flow Measurement
    • By Application
      • Asthma
      • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
      • Cystic Fibrosis
      • Pulmonary Fibrosis
      • Others (Others include Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, and Bronchiectasis)
    • By End User
      • Hospitals and Clinics
      • Home Healthcare
    • By Country
      • China
      • India
      • Japan
      • Australia
      • South Korea
      • ASEAN
      • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • Middle East
    • By Product Type
      • Hand Held
      • Table Top
      • Desktop
    • By Technology Type
      • Volume Measurement
      • Flow Measurement
      • Peak Flow Measurement
    • By Application
      • Asthma
      • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
      • Cystic Fibrosis
      • Pulmonary Fibrosis
      • Others (Others include Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, and Bronchiectasis)
    • By End User
      • Hospitals and Clinics
      • Home Healthcare
    • By Country
      • GCC
      • Israel
      • Rest of Middle East
  • Africa
    • By Product Type
      • Hand Held
      • Table Top
      • Desktop
    • By Technology Type
      • Volume Measurement
      • Flow Measurement
      • Peak Flow Measurement
    • By Application
      • Asthma
      • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
      • Cystic Fibrosis
      • Pulmonary Fibrosis
      • Others (Others include Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, and Bronchiectasis)
    • By End User
      • Hospitals and Clinics
      • Home Healthcare
    • By Country/Region
      • South Africa
      • Central Africa
      • North Africa
  • Company Profiles
  • Koninklijke Philips N.V.*
    • Company Overview
    • Material Portfolio
    • Financial Performance
    • Key Highlights
    • Market Strategies
  • SCHILLER
  • Midmark Corporation
  • Smiths Medical
  • Vyaire Medical, Inc.
  • SDI Diagnostics
  • Nihon Kohden Corporation
  • COSMED srl
  • Fukuda Sangyo Co. Ltd.
  • Medicare Systems
  • MGC Diagnostics Corporation
  • LabTech
  • Vitalograph
  • Futuremed
  • Geratherm Medical AG
  • Guangzhou Medsinglong Medical Equipment Co., Ltd
  • Welch Allyn

"*" marked represents similar segmentation in other categories in the respective section.

Table of Contents

1. Research Objectives and Assumptions

  • Research Objectives
  • Assumptions
  • Abbreviations

2. Market Purview

  • Report Description
    • Market Definition and Scope
  • Executive Summary
    • Market Snippet, By Product Type
    • Market Snippet, By Technology Type
    • Market Snippet, By Application
    • Market Snippet, By End User
    • Market Snippet, By Region
  • Coherent Opportunity Map (COM)

3. Market Dynamics, Regulations, and Trends Analysis

  • Market Dynamics
    • Drivers
    • Restraints
    • Market Opportunities
  • Impact Analysis
  • Recent Product Approvals/Launches
  • Mergers, Acquisitions, and Collaborations
  • Regulatory Scenario
  • Pricing Analysis
  • Key Developments
  • PEST Analysis
  • Porter€(TM)s Analysis

4. Global Spirometer Market

    • Economic Impact
    • Impact on Supply and Demand

5. Global Spirometer Market, By Product Type, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)

  • Introduction
    • Market Share Analysis, 2026 and 2033 (%)
    • Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, 2022-2033
    • Segment Trends
  • Hand Held
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Segment Trends
  • Table Top
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Segment Trends
  • Desktop
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Segment Trends

6. Global Spirometer Market, By Technology Type, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)

  • Introduction
    • Market Share Analysis, 2026 and 2033 (%)
    • Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, 2022-2033
    • Segment Trends
  • Volume Measurement
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Segment Trends
  • Flow Measurement
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Segment Trends
  • Peak Flow Measurement
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Segment Trends

7. Global Spirometer Market, By Application, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)

  • Introduction
    • Market Share Analysis, 2026 and 2033 (%)
    • Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, 2022-2033
    • Segment Trends
  • Asthma
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Segment Trends
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Segment Trends
  • Cystic Fibrosis
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Segment Trends
  • Pulmonary Fibrosis
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Segment Trends
  • Others (Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, and Bronchiectasis)
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Segment Trends

8. Global Spirometer Market, By End User, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)

  • Introduction
    • Market Share Analysis, 2026 and 2033 (%)
    • Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, 2022-2033
    • Segment Trends
  • Hospitals and Clinics
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
  • Home Healthcare
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)

9. Global Spirometer Market, By Region, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)

  • Introduction
    • Market Share Analysis, 2026 and 2033 (%)
    • Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, 2022-2033
    • Segment Trends
  • North America
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Product Type, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Technology Type, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Application, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By End User, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Country, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
      • U.S.
      • Canada
  • Europe
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Product Type, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Technology Type, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Application, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By End User, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Country, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
      • U.K.
      • Germany
      • Italy
      • France
      • Spain
      • Russia
      • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Product Type, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Technology Type, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Application, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By End User, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Country, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
      • China
      • India
      • Japan
      • ASEAN
      • Australia
      • South Korea
      • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • Latin America
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Product Type, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Technology Type, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Application, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By End User, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Country, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
      • Brazil
      • Mexico
      • Argentina
      • Rest of Latin America
  • Middle East
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Product Type, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Technology Type, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Application, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By End User, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Country, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
      • GCC
      • Israel
      • Rest of Middle East
  • Africa
    • Introduction
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Product Type, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Technology Type, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Application, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By End User, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
    • Market Size and Forecast, and Y-o-Y Growth, By Country/Sub-region, 2021 - 2033, (US$ Mn)
      • North Africa
      • Central Africa
      • South Africa

10. Competitive Landscape

  • Company Profiles
    • Koninklijke Philips N.V.
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • SCHILLER
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • Midmark Corporation
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • Smiths Medical
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • Vyaire Medical, Inc.
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • SDI Diagnostics
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • Nihon Kohden Corporation
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • COSMED srl
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • Fukuda Sangyo Co. Ltd.
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • Medicare Systems
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • MGC Diagnostics Corporation
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • LabTech
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • Vitalograph
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • Futuremed
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • Geratherm Medical AG
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • Guangzhou Medsinglong Medical Equipment Co., Ltd
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • Aluna
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
    • Welch Allyn
      • Company Overview
      • Product Portfolio
      • Key Highlights
      • Financial Overview
      • Strategies
  • Analysts€(TM) Views

11. Section

  • References
  • Research Methodology
  • About us and Sales Contact