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市場調查報告書
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1984889

全球末期腎功能衰竭市場：按治療方法和地區分類－市場規模、產業趨勢、主要企業、技術、機會分析和未來預測（2026-2035 年）

Global End Stage Renal Disease Market: By Treatment, Region-Market Size, Industry Dynamics, Companies, Technology, Opportunity Analysis and Forecast for 2026-2035
出版日期: | 出版商: Astute Analytica | 英文 210 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

全球末期腎功能衰竭（ESRD）市場正經歷顯著且持續的成長，反映出全球腎臟相關健康問題日益加重的負擔。2025年，該市場規模約為1,526.4億美元，預計到2035年將大幅成長至5,738.6億美元。這意味著在2026年至2035年的預測期內，該市場將以14.16%的年複合成長率成長，凸顯了ESRD市場的快速發展和擴張。

多種因素推動了這一強勁成長。其中一個主要因素是糖尿病和高血壓等慢性疾病的盛行率不斷上升，而這些疾病正是末期腎病變（ESRD）的主要病因。隨著這些疾病在全球的增加，需要透析或其他腎臟替代療法的患者人數持續成長。此外，人口結構的變化，特別是許多地區的人口老化，也增加了對ESRD治療的需求，因為老年人更容易發生腎衰竭及其併發症。

顯著的市場趨勢

在全球末期腎功能衰竭（ESRD）市場，Fresenius Medical Care（FME）和DaVita是塑造產業格局的主要企業。這兩家公司實際上形成了雙寡占格局，各自憑藉著獨特的經營模式和策略舉措，在這個高度專業化的醫療保健領域確立並保持著主導地位。

Fresenius Medical Care採用垂直整合的經營模式，自行生產透析機和診所使用的設備。這種整合模式賦予費森尤斯顯著優勢，使其免受供應鏈中斷的影響，並確保其營運所需的醫療設備供應穩定可靠。

同時，DaVita選擇專注於服務提供而非設備製造。其優勢在於營運透析診所和患者照護管理，這使其能夠集中資源提供高品質服務，而非生產設備。DaVita的成長策略以積極的國際併購為特徵，能夠迅速擴張至新市場。事實證明，這種策略在拉丁美洲尤其有效，該公司已在巴西和哥倫比亞等國建立了強大的市場地位。

主要成長要素

末期腎功能衰竭（ESRD）市場成長的主要促進因素是全球第2型糖尿病和高血壓盛行率的持續上升。這兩種慢性疾病是導致腎臟損傷並最終發展為ESRD的主要原因。尤其值得關注的是，糖尿病患者人數的激增引起了醫療專業人員和研究人員的極大關注。根據國際糖尿病聯盟（IDF）的最新估計，目前全球約有5.37億成年人患有糖尿病。預計到2030年，這一數字將大幅成長至約6.43億，反映出這種代謝性疾病對全球健康帶來的嚴峻挑戰。

新機會的趨勢

穿戴式人工腎臟的研發和低維護成本透析機的進步，代表著充滿希望的新興機會，並有望在未來幾年顯著推動市場成長。特別是穿戴式人工腎，與傳統透析方法相比，能夠為患者提供更大的活動自由度，徹底改變透析治療方式。這些小巧便攜的設備能夠持續過濾血液中的代謝廢棄物和多餘液體，使患者能夠在日常生活中接受治療，而無需被笨重的固定式機器束縛。這項創新不僅有望提高病患的生活品質，還能減少就醫次數，降低相關醫療成本。

最佳化障礙

透析和移植都需要長期護理，這不僅會給患者帶來沉重的負擔，也會給醫療系統帶來巨大壓力。透析是維持生命所必需的，但它需要每週多次持續治療，而且在許多情況下，如果移植不可行，治療就必須持續終生。除了這些反覆的治療外，相關的醫療監測、藥物以及潛在的併發症也會隨著時間的推移累積成巨額費用。對於許多患者，特別是那些沒有全面醫療保險或居住在醫療津貼有限的地區的患者來說，這些費用可能成為難以承受的負擔，使他們難以獲得治療和維持持續的護理。

目錄

第1章 執行摘要：全球末期腎功能衰竭市場

第2章 調查方法與研究框架

  • 研究目標
  • 產品概述
  • 市場區隔
  • 定性研究
    • 一手和二手資訊
  • 量化研究
    • 一手和二手資訊
  • 初步調查受訪者組成：依地區分類
  • 本研究的前提
  • 市場規模估算
  • 資料檢驗

第3章 全球末期腎功能衰竭市場概覽

  • 產業價值鏈分析
    • 原物料供應商
    • 製造商
    • 銷售代理
    • 最終用戶
  • 產業展望
    • 2023年腎臟疾病調查中的九項突破性進展
    • 末期腎功能衰竭治療藥物研發管線概述
    • 末期腎功能衰竭的年度治療費用
    • 末期腎功能衰竭的流行病學
    • 案例研究分析
  • PESTLE分析
  • 波特五力分析
    • 供應商的議價能力
    • 買方的議價能力
    • 替代品的威脅
    • 新進入者的威脅
    • 競爭強度
  • 市場成長及前景
    • 市場收入估算與預測（2020-2035年）
    • 價格趨勢分析

第4章 全球末期腎功能衰竭市場分析

  • 競爭儀錶板
    • 市場集中度
    • 企業市場占有率分析（2025年）
    • 競爭格局分析與基準測試

第5章 全球末期腎功能衰竭市場分析

  • 市場動態和趨勢
    • 成長要素
    • 抑制因子
    • 機會
    • 主要趨勢
  • 市場規模及預測（2020-2035）
    • 依治療方法
    • 依產品類型
    • 依年齡層
    • 依最終用戶
    • 依地區

第6章 北美市場分析

第7章 歐洲市場分析

第8章 亞太市場分析

第9章 中東和非洲市場分析

第10章 南美市場分析

第11章 公司簡介

  • Cantel Medical
  • Asahi Kasei Medical Co., Ltd.
  • B. Braun Melsungen AG
  • Baxter International, Inc.
  • AngioDynamics, Inc.
  • Becton Dickinson and Company
  • DaVita Inc.
  • US Renal Care, Inc.
  • JMS Co. Ltd.
  • Medtronic Plc
  • Nikkiso Co., Ltd.
  • Fresenius Medical Care AG &Co. KGaA
  • Nipro Corporation
  • Teleflex Incorporated
  • Toray Industries Inc.
  • 其他主要企業

第12章 附錄

簡介目錄
Product Code: AA02261697

The global End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) market is experiencing significant and sustained growth, reflecting the increasing burden of kidney-related health issues worldwide. In 2025, the market was valued at approximately USD 152.64 billion, and projections indicate a remarkable expansion to USD 573.86 billion by 2035. This represents a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.16% over the forecast period from 2026 to 2035, underscoring the rapid pace at which the ESRD market is evolving and expanding.

Several factors are driving this robust growth. One of the primary contributors is the rising prevalence of chronic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension, which are the leading causes of ESRD. As these diseases become more common globally, the number of patients requiring dialysis and other renal replacement therapies continues to grow. Additionally, demographic shifts, particularly aging populations in many regions, are increasing the demand for ESRD treatments, as older individuals are more susceptible to kidney failure and related complications.

Noteworthy Market Developments

In the global end stage renal disease (ESRD) market, two companies stand out as the dominant players shaping the industry landscape: Fresenius Medical Care (FME) and DaVita. These two entities effectively form a duopoly, each with distinct business models and strategic approaches that have allowed them to secure and maintain leading positions in this highly specialized healthcare sector.

Fresenius Medical Care operates with a vertically integrated business model, which means that they manufacture the dialysis machines and equipment used in its own clinics. This integration provides Fresenius with a significant advantage by shielding the company from disruptions in the supply chain, ensuring a steady and reliable flow of essential medical devices for its operations.

On the other hand, DaVita has chosen to focus exclusively on service delivery rather than manufacturing. Their core strength lies in operating dialysis clinics and managing patient care, which allows them to concentrate resources on providing high-quality services rather than device production. DaVita's growth strategy is characterized by aggressive international mergers and acquisitions (M&A), enabling rapid expansion into new markets. This approach has proven particularly effective in regions such as Latin America, where they have established a strong presence in countries like Brazil and Colombia.

Core Growth Drivers

The primary factor driving the growth of the end stage renal disease (ESRD) market is the steadily increasing prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension worldwide. These two chronic conditions are major contributors to kidney damage, ultimately leading to ESRD. The alarming rise in the number of individuals affected by diabetes, in particular, has been a significant concern for healthcare professionals and researchers alike. Recent estimates from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reveal that around 537 million adults are currently living with diabetes globally. This number is expected to surge dramatically, reaching approximately 643 million by the year 2030, reflecting the ongoing global health challenge posed by this metabolic disorder.

Emerging Opportunity Trends

The development of wearable artificial kidneys and advancements in low-maintenance dialysis machines represent promising emerging opportunities that could significantly drive market growth in the coming years. Wearable artificial kidneys, in particular, are poised to revolutionize the treatment landscape by offering patients greater mobility and freedom compared to traditional dialysis methods. These compact, portable devices aim to continuously perform the essential functions of filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood, allowing patients to receive treatment throughout their daily activities without being tethered to bulky, stationary machines. This innovation not only has the potential to improve patients' quality of life but also to reduce the frequency of hospital visits and associated healthcare costs.

Barriers to Optimization

The long-term care required for both dialysis and transplantation involves substantial financial costs, which can place a heavy burden on patients as well as healthcare systems. Dialysis, while life-sustaining, demands ongoing treatments multiple times a week, often for the remainder of a patient's life if a transplant is not available. These repeated sessions, along with the associated medical monitoring, medications, and potential complications, accumulate into significant expenses over time. For many patients, especially those without comprehensive insurance coverage or in regions with limited healthcare funding, the cost can be prohibitive, leading to challenges in accessing or maintaining consistent treatment.

Detailed Market Segmentation

Based on Treatment, dialysis has firmly established itself as the most widely sought-after treatment option for patients with end-stage organ failure, commanding a dominant market share of 81.23%. This overwhelming preference for dialysis stems from its critical role as a life-sustaining therapy for individuals whose organ function has deteriorated to the point where it can no longer support their basic physiological needs. Dialysis effectively performs the essential functions of filtering and purifying the blood, thereby compensating for the loss of kidney function and prolonging patients' lives.

Segment Breakdown

  • By Treatment Type
    • Dialysis
  • Hemodialysis
  • In-center Hemodialysis
  • Home Hemodialysis
  • Peritoneal Dialysis
  • Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)
  • Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD)
    • Kidney Transplantation
  • Living Donor Transplant
  • Deceased Donor Transplant
    • Conservative Management
  • By Product Type
    • Equipment
  • Hemodialysis Machines
  • Peritoneal Dialysis Machines
  • Water Treatment Systems
  • Dialysis Monitoring Systems
    • Consumables
  • Dialyzers
  • Bloodline Sets
  • Dialysate Solutions
  • Catheters
  • AV Fistula Needles
  • Tubing Systems
    • Drugs
  • Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents
  • Phosphate Binders
  • Vitamin D Analogs
  • Iron Supplements
  • Others
    • Services
  • Dialysis Services
  • Maintenance Services
  • Telehealth Monitoring
  • By Age Group
    • Pediatric
    • Adult
    • Geriatric
  • By End User
    • Dialysis Centers
    • Hospitals
    • Specialty Clinics
    • Home Care Settings
  • By Region
  • North America
    • The U.S.
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Western Europe
  • The UK
  • Germany
  • France
  • Italy
  • Spain
  • Rest of Western Europe
    • Eastern Europe
  • Poland
  • Russia
  • Rest of Eastern Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • South Korea
    • Australia & New Zealand
    • ASEAN
  • Indonesia
  • Malaysia
  • Thailand
  • Singapore
  • Rest of ASEAN
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • Middle East & Africa
    • UAE
    • Saudi Arabia
    • South Africa
    • Rest of MEA
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Rest of South America

Geography Breakdown

Asia Pacific holds a commanding position in the End Stage Renal Disorder (ESRD) market, capturing nearly 37% of the global market share. This dominance can be attributed to several key factors that are unique to the region. One of the primary drivers is the rapidly growing patient population, which is increasing the demand for renal care and related treatments. The region's healthcare systems are also actively responding to this growing burden through aggressive public health interventions aimed at improving diagnosis, management, and treatment outcomes for ESRD patients.

The Asia Pacific region faces a complex and dual challenge in managing the ESRD burden. On one hand, developed countries such as Japan are grappling with aging populations, which naturally lead to higher incidences of chronic conditions like renal failure. On the other hand, emerging economies within the region are experiencing a significant rise in diabetic nephropathy, a complication of diabetes that often progresses to ESRD. This rising tide of diabetes-driven kidney disease is putting additional strain on healthcare resources and necessitating tailored strategies to address the unique needs of these diverse populations.

Leading Market Participants

  • Cantel Medical
  • Asahi Kasei Medical Co., Ltd.
  • B. Braun Melsungen AG
  • Baxter International, Inc.
  • AngioDynamics, Inc.
  • Becton Dickinson and Company
  • DaVita Inc.
  • U.S. Renal Care, Inc.
  • JMS Co. Ltd.
  • Medtronic Plc
  • Nikkiso Co., Ltd.
  • Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. KGaA
  • Nipro Corporation
  • Teleflex Incorporated
  • Toray Industries Inc.
  • Other Prominent Players

Table of Content

Chapter 1. Executive Summary: Global End Stage Renal Disease Market

Chapter 2. Research Methodology & Research Framework

  • 2.1. Research Objective
  • 2.2. Product Overview
  • 2.3. Market Segmentation
  • 2.4. Qualitative Research
    • 2.4.1. Primary & Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Quantitative Research
    • 2.5.1. Primary & Secondary Sources
  • 2.6. Breakdown of Primary Research Respondents, By Region
  • 2.7. Assumption for Study
  • 2.8. Market Size Estimation
  • 2.9. Data Triangulation

Chapter 3. Global End Stage Renal Disease Market Overview

  • 3.1. Industry Value Chain Analysis
    • 3.1.1. Raw Material Suppliers
    • 3.1.2. Manufacturers
    • 3.1.3. Distributors
    • 3.1.4. End User
  • 3.2. Industry Outlook
    • 3.2.1. Nine Kidney Disease Research Breakthroughs from 2023
    • 3.2.2. Overview of End Stage Renal Disease Drugs Pipeline
    • 3.2.3. Annual Treatment Cost of End Stage Renal Disease
    • 3.2.4. Epidemiology of End Stage Renal Disease
    • 3.2.5. Case Study Analysis
      • 3.2.5.1. Chronic Kidney Disease and the Global Public Health Agenda: An International Consensus
      • 3.2.5.2. Management of Chronic Kidney Disease: The Current Novel and Forgotten Therapies
  • 3.3. PESTLE Analysis
  • 3.4. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
    • 3.4.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
    • 3.4.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
    • 3.4.3. Threat of Substitutes
    • 3.4.4. Threat of New Entrants
    • 3.4.5. Degree of Competition
  • 3.5. Market Growth and Outlook
    • 3.5.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecast (US$ Mn), 2020-2035
    • 3.5.2. Price Trend Analysis

Chapter 4. Global End Stage Renal Disease Market Analysis

  • 4.1. Competition Dashboard
    • 4.1.1. Market Concentration Rate
    • 4.1.2. Company Market Share Analysis (Value %), 2025
    • 4.1.3. Competitor Mapping & Benchmarking

Chapter 5. Global End Stage Renal Disease Market Analysis

  • 5.1. Market Dynamics and Trends
    • 5.1.1. Growth Drivers
    • 5.1.2. Restraints
    • 5.1.3. Opportunity
    • 5.1.4. Key Trends
  • 5.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020-2035 (US$ Mn)
    • 5.2.1. By Treatment Type
      • 5.2.1.1. Key Insights
        • 5.2.1.1.1. Dialysis
          • 5.2.1.1.1.1. Hemodialysis
            • 5.2.1.1.1.1.1. In-center Hemodialysis
            • 5.2.1.1.1.1.2. Home Hemodialysis
          • 5.2.1.1.1.2. Peritoneal Dialysis
          • 5.2.1.1.1.3. Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)
          • 5.2.1.1.1.4. Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD)
        • 5.2.1.1.2. Kidney Transplantation
          • 5.2.1.1.2.1. Living Donor Transplant
          • 5.2.1.1.2.2. Deceased Donor Transplant
        • 5.2.1.1.3. Conservative Management
    • 5.2.2. By Product Type
      • 5.2.2.1. Key Insights
        • 5.2.2.1.1. Equipment
          • 5.2.2.1.1.1. Hemodialysis Machines
          • 5.2.2.1.1.2. Peritoneal Dialysis Machines
          • 5.2.2.1.1.3. Water Treatment Systems
          • 5.2.2.1.1.4. Dialysis Monitoring Systems
        • 5.2.2.1.2. Consumables
          • 5.2.2.1.2.1. Dialyzers
          • 5.2.2.1.2.2. Bloodline Sets
          • 5.2.2.1.2.3. Dialysate Solutions
          • 5.2.2.1.2.4. Catheters
          • 5.2.2.1.2.5. AV Fistula Needles
          • 5.2.2.1.2.6. Tubing Systems
        • 5.2.2.1.3. Drugs
          • 5.2.2.1.3.1. Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents
          • 5.2.2.1.3.2. Phosphate Binders
          • 5.2.2.1.3.3. Vitamin D Analogs
          • 5.2.2.1.3.4. Iron Supplements
          • 5.2.2.1.3.5. Others
        • 5.2.2.1.4. Services
          • 5.2.2.1.4.1. Dialysis Services
          • 5.2.2.1.4.2. Maintenance Services
          • 5.2.2.1.4.3. Telehealth Monitoring
    • 5.2.3. By Age Group
      • 5.2.3.1. Key Insights
        • 5.2.3.1.1. Pediatric
        • 5.2.3.1.2. Adult
        • 5.2.3.1.3. Geriatric
    • 5.2.4. By End User
      • 5.2.4.1. Key Insights
        • 5.2.4.1.1. Dialysis Centers
        • 5.2.4.1.2. Hospitals
        • 5.2.4.1.3. Specialty Clinics
        • 5.2.4.1.4. Home Care Settings
    • 5.2.5. By Region
      • 5.2.5.1. Key Insights
        • 5.2.5.1.1. North America
          • 5.2.5.1.1.1. The U.S.
          • 5.2.5.1.1.2. Canada
          • 5.2.5.1.1.3. Mexico
        • 5.2.5.1.2. Europe
          • 5.2.5.1.2.1. Western Europe
            • 5.2.5.1.2.1.1. The UK
            • 5.2.5.1.2.1.2. Germany
            • 5.2.5.1.2.1.3. France
            • 5.2.5.1.2.1.4. Italy
            • 5.2.5.1.2.1.5. Spain
            • 5.2.5.1.2.1.6. Rest of Western Europe
          • 5.2.5.1.2.2. Eastern Europe
            • 5.2.5.1.2.2.1. Poland
            • 5.2.5.1.2.2.2. Russia
            • 5.2.5.1.2.2.3. Rest of Eastern Europe
        • 5.2.5.1.3. Asia Pacific
          • 5.2.5.1.3.1. China
          • 5.2.5.1.3.2. India
          • 5.2.5.1.3.3. Japan
          • 5.2.5.1.3.4. South Korea
          • 5.2.5.1.3.5. Australia & New Zealand
          • 5.2.5.1.3.6. ASEAN
            • 5.2.5.1.3.6.1. Indonesia
            • 5.2.5.1.3.6.2. Malaysia
            • 5.2.5.1.3.6.3. Thailand
            • 5.2.5.1.3.6.4. Singapore
            • 5.2.5.1.3.6.5. Rest of ASEAN
          • 5.2.5.1.3.7. Rest of Asia Pacific
        • 5.2.5.1.4. Middle East & Africa
          • 5.2.5.1.4.1. UAE
          • 5.2.5.1.4.2. Saudi Arabia
          • 5.2.5.1.4.3. South Africa
          • 5.2.5.1.4.4. Rest of MEA
        • 5.2.5.1.5. South America
          • 5.2.5.1.5.1. Argentina
          • 5.2.5.1.5.2. Brazil
          • 5.2.5.1.5.3. Rest of South America

Chapter 6. North America Market Analysis

  • 6.1. Market Dynamics and Trends
    • 6.1.1. Growth Drivers
    • 6.1.2. Restraints
    • 6.1.3. Opportunity
    • 6.1.4. Key Trends
  • 6.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020-2035 (US$ Mn)
    • 6.2.1. Key Insights
      • 6.2.1.1. By Treatment Type
      • 6.2.1.2. By Product Type
      • 6.2.1.3. By Age Group
      • 6.2.1.4. By End User
      • 6.2.1.5. By Country

Chapter 7. Europe Market Analysis

  • 7.1. Market Dynamics and Trends
    • 7.1.1. Growth Drivers
    • 7.1.2. Restraints
    • 7.1.3. Opportunity
    • 7.1.4. Key Trends
  • 7.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020-2035 (US$ Mn)
    • 7.2.1. Key Insights
      • 7.2.1.1. By Treatment Type
      • 7.2.1.2. By Product Type
      • 7.2.1.3. By Age Group
      • 7.2.1.4. By End User
      • 7.2.1.5. By Country

Chapter 8. Asia Pacific Market Analysis

  • 8.1. Market Dynamics and Trends
    • 8.1.1. Growth Drivers
    • 8.1.2. Restraints
    • 8.1.3. Opportunity
    • 8.1.4. Key Trends
  • 8.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020-2035 (US$ Mn)
    • 8.2.1. Key Insights
      • 8.2.1.1. By Treatment Type
      • 8.2.1.2. By Product Type
      • 8.2.1.3. By Age Group
      • 8.2.1.4. By End User
      • 8.2.1.5. By Country

Chapter 9. Middle East & Africa Market Analysis

  • 9.1. Market Dynamics and Trends
    • 9.1.1. Growth Drivers
    • 9.1.2. Restraints
    • 9.1.3. Opportunity
    • 9.1.4. Key Trends
  • 9.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020-2035 (US$ Mn)
    • 9.2.1. Key Insights
      • 9.2.1.1. By Treatment Type
      • 9.2.1.2. By Product Type
      • 9.2.1.3. By Age Group
      • 9.2.1.4. By End User
      • 9.2.1.5. By Country

Chapter 10. South America Market Analysis

  • 10.1. Market Dynamics and Trends
    • 10.1.1. Growth Drivers
    • 10.1.2. Restraints
    • 10.1.3. Opportunity
    • 10.1.4. Key Trends
  • 10.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020-2035 (US$ Mn)
    • 10.2.1. Key Insights
      • 10.2.1.1. By Treatment Type
      • 10.2.1.2. By Product Type
      • 10.2.1.3. By Age Group
      • 10.2.1.4. By End User
      • 10.2.1.5. By Country

Chapter 11. Company Profile (Company Overview, Financial Matrix, Key Product landscape, Key Personnel, Key Competitors, Contact Address, and Business Strategy Outlook)

  • 11.1. Cantel Medical
  • 11.2. Asahi Kasei Medical Co., Ltd.
  • 11.3. B. Braun Melsungen AG
  • 11.4. Baxter International, Inc.
  • 11.5. AngioDynamics, Inc.
  • 11.6. Becton Dickinson and Company
  • 11.7. DaVita Inc.
  • 11.8. U.S. Renal Care, Inc.
  • 11.9. JMS Co. Ltd.
  • 11.10. Medtronic Plc
  • 11.11. Nikkiso Co., Ltd.
  • 11.12. Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. KGaA
  • 11.13. Nipro Corporation
  • 11.14. Teleflex Incorporated
  • 11.15. Toray Industries Inc.
  • 11.16. Other Prominent Players

Chapter 12. Annexure

  • 12.1. List of Secondary Sources
  • 12.2. Key Country Markets- Macro Economic Outlook/Indicators