首頁 > 市場調查報告書 > 通訊

IT安全性驗證

市場調查報告書

商品編碼

1802040

交換卡遊戲認證服務的全球市場:各服務形式，各技術，各用途，各終端用戶，各繳交流通管道，各地區，市場規模，產業動態，機會分析，預測(2025年～2033年)

Global Trading Card Game Authentication Services Market: Service Type, Technology, Application, End Users, Submission Channel, Region, Market Size, Industry Dynamics, Opportunity Analysis and Forecast for 2025-2033

出版日期: 2025年05月29日 | 出版商:

Astute Analytica | 英文 262 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

價格

簡介目錄

集換式卡牌遊戲 (TCG) 認證服務市場正在經歷顯著擴張，預計到 2033 年將達到 66.1 億美元。預計 2025 年至 2033 年期間的複合年增長率將達到 13.13%。 2024 年的市場規模約為 22.4 億美元，反映出強勁的需求和市場活動的增加。推動這一快速增長的因素有很多，其中包括收藏家對可靠認證的日益關注。

按地區劃分，亞太市場是全球 TCG 認證服務產業成長最快的領域。這一快速成長主要得益於日本、中國、韓國和澳洲等主要國家需求的激增。日本的成長特別引人注目，光是2024年的前八個月，Mint Lab就鑑定了64萬張寶可夢卡牌，比2022年成長了四倍。同時，在歐洲，英國、德國、法國和義大利等國家正在鞏固其在集換式卡牌鑑定服務領域的地位，這得益於監管可信度的提高和收藏家群體的不斷擴大。歐盟2024年 "消費品真品指令" 的推出是一個關鍵時刻，該指令要求對售價超過250歐元的收藏品進行可追溯性認證。這項法規促使PSA等主要參與者投資區域基礎設施，例如在倫敦開設了一家佔地2.5萬平方英尺的集換式卡牌鑑定中心。

值得關注的市場發展

在集換式卡牌評級產業，品牌聲譽歷來是主要的競爭優勢，老牌公司憑藉信譽和過往業績佔市場主導地位。然而，隨著專業評級公司進入業餘愛好產業先前服務不足的利基市場，課題傳統老牌評級公司的主導地位，2024年將迎來一場變革。這些新進業者瞄準特定的收藏家群體，並強調迎合不斷變化的消費者口味的創新方法，從而開闢出獨特的市場地位。

總部位於大阪的Cardriffic於2024年1月為Weiss Schwarz和Vanguard等熱門集換式卡牌遊戲推出了雙語支援。 Cardriffic在第一季就收到了4.8萬份提交，這反映了早期的高採用率，也顯示了市場對非主流遊戲客製化評級服務的需求。透過提供有針對性的語言支援並專注於利基市場，Cardriffic贏得了那些曾被大型評級公司忽視的收藏家的青睞。

核心推動因素

屢創新高的拍賣成交價已成為促使收藏家在全球集換式卡牌遊戲鑑定服務市場尋求第三方認證的關鍵驅動力。各大拍賣行的高調拍賣凸顯了專業評等和鑑定所能帶來的巨大經濟效益。第三方鑑定提供的保障不僅增強了買家信心，也有助於獲得溢價，從而強烈激勵收藏家將他們的卡牌進行專業評級。

2024年上半年，Goldin、Heritage和PWCC等主要拍賣平台共售出2,755件經過鑑定的集換式卡牌遊戲拍品。這些真品交易的總價值達到1.93億美元，凸顯了評級卡的巨大經濟效益。這些交易量和價值凸顯了第三方鑑定已成為二級市場的重要組成部分，並成為價格上漲和流動性提升的催化劑。

新機會趨勢

嵌入式近場通訊 (NFC) 技術正在改變全球集換式卡牌遊戲認證服務市場中收藏家對來源驗證的認知和互動方式。 NFC 將來源驗證從傳統的桌面設定轉移到用戶口袋中的智慧型手機上，使身份驗證更加便捷和即時。這一轉變提升了整體用戶體驗，並透過讓收藏家隨時隨地驗證卡牌的真實性和歷史資訊來提高參與度。

自 2024 年 1 月起，SGC 將在所有申報價值超過 30 美元的卡牌中整合 NXP NTAG424 晶片，這體現了其將這項技術應用於高價值卡牌的戰略舉措。迄今為止，已出貨約 1,270,000 張卡牌，顯示該技術在收藏界的廣泛應用。這些嵌入式晶片使收藏家只需用手機輕觸卡板即可立即獲取詳細的來源信息，從而省去了繁瑣的驗證程序，增強了對卡片真偽的信心。

優化障礙

全球集換式卡牌和遊戲認證服務市場面臨著來自尖端防偽技術的日益嚴峻的課題，迫使評級機構採用更嚴格、更科學的方法來驗證真偽。造假者的手段日益複雜，以至於所有到貨都必須經過通常用於生物取證的嚴格審查。這種提高警覺性對於維護市場誠信和維護收藏家對認證卡片的信心至關重要。

2024年，PSA的反詐騙偵測部門截獲了大量偽造的寶可夢卡，展現了防偽技術的顯著進步。其中，6,780張卡片採用尖端奈米紋理箔片製作，旨在以驚人的精度複製真卡真實虹彩的罕見折射率，誤差不超過5度。這種仿製程度使得使用傳統目視檢測方法極難發現仿冒品。

市場區隔詳情

按服務類型劃分，評級服務在集換式卡牌遊戲 (TCG) 認證市場中佔主導地位，佔62.71%。這種主導地位主要源自於評級卡板已成為二級市場交易的標準貨幣。收藏家和交易商廣泛接受卡板作為卡片真實性和成色的可靠保證，從而顯著提升了卡片的適銷性和價值。評級公司提供的實體內含物和數值等級能夠增強買家的信心，減少不確定性，並促進交易。

從技術角度來看，二維碼掃描已成為收藏品鑑定領域的領先技術，佔技術採用率的35.54%。二維碼掃描之所以受歡迎，是因為它能夠提供可靠的身份驗證，幾乎不會給用戶帶來任何麻煩。這種易用性使二維碼成為尋求快速、可靠物品驗證的收藏家的首選方法，無需複雜的流程或延遲。自2019年PSA開始在所有收藏品上採用二維碼標籤以來，這項技術已被收藏家廣泛採用。每天透過PSA的iOS和Android應用程式進行約240萬次查詢，這表明二維碼掃描在鑑定方面具有極大的便利性。

從應用角度來看，體育卡佔了整個應用市場的主導地位，佔總量的40.11%。這一強勢地位很大程度上歸功於一個成熟且根深蒂固的收藏家生態系統，該生態系統保持著持續的需求和活躍。體育卡的流行和文化意義造就了一個充滿活力的收藏家和愛好者社群，他們積極買賣和鑑定這些商品，從而鞏固了他們在市場上的主導地位。 2023年，Topps生產了7.5億張美國職棒大聯盟 (MLB) 球星卡，這項供應量堪比萬智牌和寶可夢等收藏類遊戲巔峰時期的供應量。

從最終用戶來看，私人收藏家佔了主導地位，佔了42.44%的市場佔有率。這些收藏家的獨特之處在於，他們不僅提供原始庫存，還消費成品卡，這使得他們成為市場兩端的活躍參與者。這種雙重參與凸顯了他們在維持產業流動性和需求的重要性。 PSA的收藏傢俱樂部經歷了令人矚目的成長，截至2024年2月，活躍會員超過50萬。這一令人印象深刻的會員數量遠遠超過企業提交帳戶，是後者的五倍。

各市場區隔明細

各服務形式

分級·服務
- 手動分級
- 完全自動分級
混合評級
認證服務
封裝/粗紗
鑑定服務
驗證服務

按科技

區塊鏈認證
二維碼掃描
人工智慧與機器學習
RFID/NFC

各用途

收藏卡
體育卡
密封盒和包裝
數位交易卡
稀有和限量卡片

各終端用戶

個人集電極
轉賣業者及經銷商
認證代理商
賀卡專賣店和零售店

投稿各通路

直接繳交
按零售店/經銷商繳交
國際代理商

各地區

北美
- 美國
- 加拿大
- 墨西哥
歐洲
- 西歐
  - 英國
  - 德國
  - 法國
  - 義大利
  - 西班牙
  - 其他
- 東歐
  - 波蘭
  - 俄羅斯
  - 其他
亞太地區
- 中國
- 印度
- 日本
- 澳洲·紐西蘭
- 韓國
- ASEAN
- 其他
中東·非洲(MEA)
- 沙烏地阿拉伯
- 南非
- 阿拉伯聯合大公國
- 其他
南美
- 阿根廷
- 巴西
- 其他

主要市場參與企業

PSA (Professional Sports Authenticator)
CGC (Certified Guaranty Company)
ARS
SGC (Sportscard Guaranty Corporation)
GetGraded
MNT Grading
ACE Grading
Card Grading Australia
TGA
其他

The trading card game (TCG) authentication services market is undergoing significant expansion, with its size projected to reach an impressive $6.61 billion by 2033. This growth is expected to occur at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.13% over the forecast period from 2025 to 2033. In 2024, the market was valued at approximately US$2.24 billion, reflecting robust demand and increasing market activity. Several factors are driving this rapid growth, including heightened caution among collectors who seek reliable verification of authenticity.

Regionally, the Asia-Pacific market stands out as the fastest-growing segment within the global TCG authentication services industry. This surge is primarily fueled by rapidly increasing demand in key countries such as Japan, China, South Korea, and Australia. Japan, in particular, has seen remarkable growth; Mint Lab graded 640,000 Pokemon cards in the first eight months of 2024 alone, a fourfold increase compared to its 2022 figures.

Meanwhile, Europe is strengthening its position in the TCG authentication services sector by combining increasing regulatory confidence with expanding collector communities across countries like the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Italy. The introduction of the European Union's 2024 Consumer Goods Authenticity Directive has been a pivotal moment, mandating traceable certification for collectibles valued above EUR 250. This regulation has encouraged key players such as PSA to invest in regional infrastructure, exemplified by the opening of a 25,000-square-foot slab center in London.

Noteworthy Market Developments

Brand reputation has traditionally served as the primary competitive advantage in the trading card grading industry, with established firms dominating the market based on trust and historical performance. However, 2024 is marking a shift as specialized graders are expanding into previously underserved niches within the hobby, challenging the traditional dominance of legacy players. These newcomers are carving out unique market positions by targeting specific collector communities and emphasizing innovative approaches that appeal to evolving consumer preferences.

One notable example is Osaka-based Cardriffic, which launched in January 2024 with bilingual support for popular trading card games like Weiss Schwarz and Vanguard. In just its first quarter, Cardriffic recorded 48,000 submissions, demonstrating strong early adoption and signaling a demand for grading services tailored to non-mainstream games. By offering targeted language support and focusing on niche markets, Cardriffic is gaining traction among collectors who may have felt overlooked by larger grading firms.

Core Growth Drivers

Record-setting auction hammer prices have emerged as a key driver motivating collectors to seek third-party provenance within the global trading card game authentication services market. High-profile sales at major auction houses are shining a spotlight on the significant financial benefits that come with professional grading and certification. The assurance provided by third-party authentication not only boosts buyer confidence but also helps unlock premium pricing, creating a strong incentive for collectors to have their cards professionally graded.

During the first half of 2024, leading auction platforms such as Goldin, Heritage, and PWCC collectively sold 2,755 authenticated trading card game lots. These authenticated sales generated an impressive total of US$193 million, highlighting the substantial monetary upside associated with graded cards. The volume and value of these transactions underscore how integral third-party grading has become to the secondary market, serving as a catalyst for higher prices and increased liquidity.

Emerging Opportunity Trends

Embedded near-field communication (NFC) technology is transforming the way collectors perceive and interact with provenance verification in the global trading card game authentication services market. By shifting provenance checks from traditional desktop setups to the convenience of a smartphone in the user's pocket, NFC is making authentication more accessible and immediate. This shift enhances the overall user experience and increases engagement by allowing collectors to verify the authenticity and history of their cards anytime, anywhere.

Since January 2024, SGC has integrated NXP NTAG424 chips into every slab with a declared value above US$ 30, reflecting a strategic move to leverage this technology for higher-value cards. To date, the company has shipped approximately 1,270,000 such units, indicating strong adoption within the collector community. These embedded chips enable collectors to simply tap their phones against the slab to instantly access detailed provenance information, eliminating cumbersome verification steps and increasing confidence in the card's authenticity.

Barriers to Optimization

The global trading card game authentication services market is facing increasing challenges from cutting-edge counterfeiting techniques, which are pushing graders to adopt more rigorous and scientific approaches to verify authenticity. The sophistication of counterfeiters has escalated to a level where every incoming shipment must be treated with the scrutiny typically reserved for bio-forensics investigations. This heightened vigilance is necessary to protect the integrity of the market and maintain collector confidence in certified cards.

In 2024, PSA's fraud detection unit intercepted a significant number of counterfeit Pokemon cards that showcased remarkable technological advancements in forgery. Among these were 6,780 cards produced with state-of-the-art nano-textured foils designed to replicate the genuine rainbow rare refractivity of authentic cards with astonishing precision, operating within a five-degree tolerance. This level of mimicry made it extremely difficult to detect fakes using traditional visual inspection methods.

Detailed Market Segmentation

By Service Type, grading services dominate the trading card game (TCG) authentication market, commanding 62.71% of the share. This dominance is largely because graded slabs have become the standard currency for secondary market trading. Collectors and traders widely accept slabs as a trusted guarantee of a card's authenticity and condition, which significantly enhances the card's marketability and value. The physical encapsulation and numeric grade assigned by grading companies provide buyers with confidence, reducing uncertainty and facilitating smoother transactions.

By Technology, QR code scanning has emerged as the leading technology in the collectibles authentication space, accounting for 35.54% of technology adoption. Its popularity stems from its ability to provide authentication certainty with virtually no friction for the user. This ease of use has made QR codes a preferred method for collectors seeking quick and reliable verification of their items without complicated processes or delays. Since PSA began incorporating QR labels on every slab in 2019, the technology has seen widespread usage among collectors. On average, approximately 2.4 million look-ups are performed daily through PSA's iOS and Android apps, demonstrating the massive scale at which QR scanning facilitates authentication checks.

By Application, sports cards dominate the overall application market, accounting for 40.11% of the total share. This strong position is largely driven by well-established and deeply rooted collector ecosystems that sustain ongoing demand and activity. The popularity and cultural significance of sports cards have created a vibrant community of collectors and enthusiasts who actively buy, sell, and authenticate these items, reinforcing their dominance in the market. In 2023, Topps produced an impressive 750 million Major League Baseball (MLB) cards, a supply volume that rivals the levels typically seen only during peak releases of collectible games like Magic: The Gathering or Pokemon.

By End Users, individual collectors play a significant role, holding 42.44% of the share. These collectors are unique in that they not only supply raw inventory but also consume finished slabs, making them active participants on both ends of the market. Their dual involvement highlights their importance in sustaining the flow and demand within the industry. PSA's Collectors Club has experienced remarkable growth, reaching over 500,000 active members as of February 2024. This impressive membership base is substantially larger than corporate submission accounts, exceeding them by a factor of five.

Segment Breakdown

By Service Type

Grading Services
- Manual Grading
- Fully Automated Grading
Hybrid Grading
Certification Services
Encapsulation/Slabbing
Appraisal Services
Verification Services

By Technology

Blockchain Authentication
QR Code Scanning
AI and Machine Learning
RFID/NFC

By Application

Collectible Cards
Sports Cards
Sealed Boxes and Packs
Digital Trading Cards
Rare or Limited-Edition Cards

By End User

Individual Collectors
Resellers and Dealers
Authentication Agents
Card Shops and Retailers

By Submission Channel

Direct Submissions
Retailer / Dealer Submissions
International Agents

By Region

North America
- The U.S.
- Canada
- Mexico
Europe
- Western Europe
  - The UK
  - Germany
  - France
  - Italy
  - Spain
  - Rest of Western Europe
- Eastern Europe
  - Poland
  - Russia
  - Rest of Eastern Europe
Asia Pacific
- China
- India
- Japan
- Australia & New Zealand
- South Korea
- ASEAN
- Rest of Asia Pacific
Middle East & Africa (MEA)
- Saudi Arabia
- South Africa
- UAE
- Rest of MEA
South America
- Argentina
- Brazil
- Rest of South America

Leading Market Participants

PSA (Professional Sports Authenticator)
CGC (Certified Guaranty Company)
ARS
SGC (Sportscard Guaranty Corporation)
GetGraded
MNT Grading
ACE Grading
Card Grading Australia
TGA
Other Prominent Players

Table of Content

Chapter 1. Research Framework

1.1. Research Objective
1.2. Product Overview
1.3. Market Segmentation

Chapter 2. Research Methodology

2.1. Qualitative Research
- 2.1.1. Primary & Secondary Sources
2.2. Quantitative Research
- 2.2.1. Primary & Secondary Sources
2.3. Breakdown of Primary Research Respondents, By Region
2.4. Assumption for the Study
2.5. Market Size Estimation
2.6. Data Triangulation

Chapter 3. Executive Summary: Global Trading Card Game Authentication Services Market

Chapter 4. Global Trading Card Game Authentication Services Market Overview

4.1. Industry Value Chain Analysis
- 4.1.1. Service Provider
- 4.1.2. End User
4.2. Industry Outlook
- 4.2.1. Volume of TCG Submissions from Japan
- 4.2.2. Card Game Grading Users Insights
  - 4.2.2.1. Global
  - 4.2.2.2. Japan
4.3. PESTLE Analysis
4.4. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.4.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.4.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.4.3. Threat of Substitutes
- 4.4.4. Threat of New Entrants
  - 4.4.4.1. Intellectual Property and Patent Considerations
  - 4.4.4.2. Brand Trust and Industry Credibility
  - 4.4.4.3. Operational and Technical Challenges
  - 4.4.4.4. Regulatory Constraints and Logistics
- 4.4.5. Degree of Competition
4.5. Market Dynamics and Trends
- 4.5.1. Growth Drivers
- 4.5.2. Restraints
- 4.5.3. Challenges
- 4.5.4. Key Trends
4.6. Market Growth and Outlook
- 4.6.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecast (US$ Mn), 2020 - 2033
- 4.6.2. Price Trend Analysis
4.7. Competition Dashboard
- 4.7.1. Market Concentration Rate
- 4.7.2. Company Market Share Analysis (Value %), 2024
- 4.7.3. Competitor Mapping & Benchmarking

Chapter 5. Global Trading Card Game Authentication Services Market Analysis, By Service Type

5.1. Key Insights
5.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn)
- 5.2.1. Grading Services
  - 5.2.1.1. Manual Grading
  - 5.2.1.2. Fully Automated Grading
  - 5.2.1.3. Hybrid Grading
- 5.2.2. Certification Services
- 5.2.3. Encapsulation/Slabbing
- 5.2.4. Appraisal Services
- 5.2.5. Verification Services

Chapter 6. Global Trading Card Game Authentication Services Market Analysis, By Technology

6.1. Key Insights
6.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn)
- 6.2.1. Blockchain Authentication
- 6.2.2. QR Code Scanning
- 6.2.3. AI and Machine Learning
- 6.2.4. RFID/NFC

Chapter 7. Global Trading Card Game Authentication Services Market Analysis, By Application

7.1. Key Insights
7.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn)
- 7.2.1. Collectible Cards
- 7.2.2. Sports Cards
- 7.2.3. Sealed Boxes and Packs
- 7.2.4. Digital Trading Cards
- 7.2.5. Rare or Limited Edition Cards

Chapter 8. Global Trading Card Game Authentication Services Market Analysis, By End User

8.1. Key Insights
8.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn)
- 8.2.1. Individual Collectors
- 8.2.2. Resellers and Dealers
- 8.2.3. Authentication Agents
- 8.2.4. Card Shops and Retailers

Chapter 9. Global Trading Card Game Authentication Services Market Analysis, By Submission Channel

9.1. Key Insights
9.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn)
- 9.2.1. Direct Submissions
- 9.2.2. Retailer / Dealer Submissions
- 9.2.3. International Agents

Chapter 10. Global Trading Card Game Authentication Services Market Analysis, By Region

10.1. Key Insights
10.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn)
- 10.2.1. North America
  - 10.2.1.1. The U.S.
  - 10.2.1.2. Canada
  - 10.2.1.3. Mexico
- 10.2.2. Europe
  - 10.2.2.1. Western Europe
    - 10.2.2.1.1. The UK
    - 10.2.2.1.2. Germany
    - 10.2.2.1.3. France
    - 10.2.2.1.4. Italy
    - 10.2.2.1.5. Spain
    - 10.2.2.1.6. Rest of Western Europe
  - 10.2.2.2. Eastern Europe
    - 10.2.2.2.1. Poland
    - 10.2.2.2.2. Russia
    - 10.2.2.2.3. Rest of Eastern Europe
- 10.2.3. Asia Pacific
  - 10.2.3.1. China
  - 10.2.3.2. India
  - 10.2.3.3. Japan
  - 10.2.3.4. South Korea
  - 10.2.3.5. Australia & New Zealand
  - 10.2.3.6. ASEAN
    - 10.2.3.6.1. Indonesia
    - 10.2.3.6.2. Thailand
    - 10.2.3.6.3. Singapore
    - 10.2.3.6.4. Vietnam
    - 10.2.3.6.5. Malaysia
    - 10.2.3.6.6. Philippines
    - 10.2.3.6.7. Rest of ASEAN
  - 10.2.3.7. Rest of Asia Pacific
- 10.2.4. Middle East & Africa
  - 10.2.4.1. UAE
  - 10.2.4.2. Saudi Arabia
  - 10.2.4.3. South Africa
  - 10.2.4.4. Rest of MEA
- 10.2.5. South America
  - 10.2.5.1. Argentina
  - 10.2.5.2. Brazil
  - 10.2.5.3. Rest of South America

Chapter 11. North America Trading Card Game Authentication Services Market Analysis

11.1. Key Insights
11.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn)
- 11.2.1. By Service Type
- 11.2.2. By Technology
- 11.2.3. By Application
- 11.2.4. By End User
- 11.2.5. By Submission Channel
- 11.2.6. By Country

Chapter 12. Europe Trading Card Game Authentication Services Market Analysis

12.1. Key Insights
12.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn)
- 12.2.1. By Service Type
- 12.2.2. By Technology
- 12.2.3. By Application
- 12.2.4. By End User
- 12.2.5. By Submission Channel
- 12.2.6. By Country

Chapter 13. Asia Pacific Trading Card Game Authentication Services Market Analysis

13.1. Key Insights
13.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn)
- 13.2.1. By Service Type
- 13.2.2. By Technology
- 13.2.3. By Application
- 13.2.4. By End User
- 13.2.5. By Submission Channel
- 13.2.6. By Country

Chapter 14. Middle East and Africa Trading Card Game Authentication Services Market Analysis

14.1. Key Insights
14.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn)
- 14.2.1. By Service Type
- 14.2.2. By Technology
- 14.2.3. By Application
- 14.2.4. By End User
- 14.2.5. By Submission Channel
- 14.2.6. By Country

Chapter 15. South America Trading Card Game Authentication Services Market Analysis

15.1. Key Insights
15.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn)
- 15.2.1. By Service Type
- 15.2.2. By Technology
- 15.2.3. By Application
- 15.2.4. By End User
- 15.2.5. By Submission Channel
- 15.2.6. By Country

Chapter 16. Japan Trading Card Game Authentication Services Market Analysis

16.1. Overview
- 16.1.1. Market Dynamics and Trends
  - 16.1.1.1. Growth Drivers
  - 16.1.1.2. Restraints
  - 16.1.1.3. Challenges
  - 16.1.1.4. Key Trends
- 16.1.2. Market Growth and Outlook
  - 16.1.2.1. Market Size and Forecast, 2020-2033 (US$ Mn)
    - 16.1.2.1.1. By Service Type
    - 16.1.2.1.2. By Technology
    - 16.1.2.1.3. By Application
    - 16.1.2.1.4. By End User
    - 16.1.2.1.5. By Submission Channel